• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.56-64
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• 1996

The sleeplessness in childhood is quite different from that in adulthood in terms of causes, developmental process, and treatment. Sleep behavior in childhood is strongly influenced by parental personality and familial and cultural background. In understanding and management of sleeplessness of children, it is especially important to understand the separation anxiety and the ways of its management in bedtime because bedtime routine with children one of separation process from parents. Co-sleeping, parental intervention, transional object and bedtime routines can be appeared in order to reduce the anxiety from bedtime separation. Causes of sleeplessness in infant and toddler are bad sleep-onset association, nocturnal drinking, colic, and food allergy. In preschool and school aged children, limit-setting sleep problem and fears and nightmare can be causes of sleeplessness. When good sleep environment and habits are established sound sleep and more mature personality can be developed.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2002

Carbon cast iron and Zinc coated steel were the most widely used portable water of supply and distribution Pipeline system. The leaching of red water in portable water could produce sericus environmental sanitary problems. Due to the red water was the most alternative to inner scale of metal pipeline. So this study was conducted the impact of red water on scale products, and was evaluated by the corrosive metal contaminants of 20 fears over. Surface tests, metal surface composition measurements of samples XRF, XRD, and SEM(EDS), analysis were used to investigate the corrosion characteristies of carbon cast iron and Zinc coated steel. As the contaminants of Fe increased the red water of carbon castiron pipe increased due to the scale products amount of $Fe_2O_3$ (Hemite).

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

Recently, KakaoTalk users seek secure messengers with fears of 'possible' censorship over a mobile messenger. Instead German messenger "Telegram" is gaining popularity in South Korea. Are the known as secure messengers actually secure? In this paper, we evaluate secure mobile messengers in terms of private information protection. We establish the fourteen criteria to evaluate the functionality of messenger apps including communication encryption in transit, the possibility of leakage of decrypted messages via server, an encryption algorithm, a key exchange algorithm, an ephemeral message application, etc. Line, Telegram, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Wickr, Facebook Messenger and KakaoTalk, which have many worldwide and domestic users, are to be targeted. Wickr is ranked at the top of the evaluation, followed by Telegram and Line but KakaoTalk and Snapchat are ranked at the bottom of the evaluation list.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

Facing the issue of global climate change, it is important for environmental educators to prepare a person who is able to understand of, communicate about, and make informed decisions on the climate change. Climate change education is to help learners understand of human influence on climate and climate's influence on them and society. This study was conducted in a way to discuss how climate change education could be implemented in Korean context. For this purpose, several documents and research articles on climate change education and communication were analyzed: Climate literacy, guidelines for K-12 global climate change education, and guidelines for effective climate change communication and message and so on. Many of the documents emphasize age appropriateness, positive thinking, participation and empowerment in climate change education while suggesting not to burden young learners with fears. Some documents such as the climate literacy suggest key concepts and/or essential principles of climate change education. Based upon the analysis, several considerations to incorporate the concepts in climate change into educational programs were suggested for further discussions.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.42-46
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• 2009

Every year influenza contributes to the death of 72 people in the South korea, 20,000 in the U.S. and perhaps millions worldwide. The swine fever so-called the noble flu A H1N1, a strain of the flu virus, which jumped species and burst into the human population in March and April of this year. The outbreak of 2009 novel H1N1 was the fourth in 100 years. Fortunately, it led to today's comparatively tame swine flu than the vicious 1918, which was original H1N1 pandemic flu virus, killed at least 40 million worldwide in an ongoing pandemic era. Although the 2009 H1N1 which is still in full swing, this global flu epidemic is already teaching scientists valuable lessons about pandemics. Evidence accumulated these days indicates that the 2009 H1N1 was not entirely new to all human immune systems. This article introduces only an outline for our better understanding the basic mechanisms of influenza and the vaccination about longstanding fears of that worst-case scenario engendered pandemic that are paying off today.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2002

Language plays a central role in everyday communication activities. Therefore, an individual need to be able to use language to communicate with confidence and without fear. One of the major fears that people have is the fear of communication. This fear is most of the time due to a lack of confidence in communicating in a particular language or due to poor proficiency in the language. In some cases it can also be due to attitudinal problems. In the context of teaching and learning English as a second or foreign language, students can have a great fear of using English with confidence. This fear can be an acute one and thus students may avoid using English to communicate. However, non native speakers of English need to be highly competent in the use of the English language for a variety of communicative purposes particularly in meeting the challenges of globalisation and that of the digital age. This article presents some insights on language apprehension found among communication undergraduates who are non native speakers of English.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-33
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• 1998

Sleep and Epilepsy either represent the opposite and independent spectrum of episodic manifestations from brain or closely interact with each other. Sleep or sleep deprivation may provoke epileptic seizures or activate epileptiform discharges in epilepsy patients whereas epilepsy may alter the sleep structure. Sleep stages are also known to influence pathophysiology of seizures in terms of ictogenesis. In this review, the impact of sleep on epilepsy as well as that of epilepsy on sleep are presented. Additionally the interaction between sleep and epilepsy will be discussed. This review will also comment on the differential diagnosis between nocturnal or sleep-related epilepsy and various sleep disorders. Finally, clinical application of the above perspectives of sleep and epilepsy will be suggested for the purpose of a better management of epilepsies.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.86-95
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• 2005

Location-based services or LBS refer to value-added service by processing information utilizing mobile user location. With the rapidly increasing wireless Internet subscribers and world LBS market, the various location based applications are introduced such as buddy finder, proximity and security services. As the killer application of the wireless Internet, the LBS have reconsidered technology about location determination technology, LBS middleware server for various application, and diverse contents processing technology. However, there are fears that this new wealth of personal location information will lead to new security risks, to the invasion of the privacy of people and organizations. This paper describes a novel security approach on open LBS service to validate certificate based on current LBS platform environment using XKMS (XML Key Management Specification) and SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language), XACML (extensible Access Control Markup Language) in XML security mechanism.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.331-334
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• 2023

Historically, the approach to any reconstructive challenge, whether intentionally or intuitively, can be seen to follow distinct guidelines that could aptly be called "reconstructive metaphors." These have been intended to inform us as to the "what, "when" and "where" this attempt can best be achieved. Yet the "how" or means to accomplish this goal, usually also intuitively well understood, in a similar vein can now be expressed to be within our "reconstructive toolbox." The latter will distinctly mirror our individuality and contain not only the various hardware that we deem essential, but also the means to access whatever technology we may be comfortable with. No toolbox, even if overflowing will ever be full, as potential options and the diversity they represent surely approaches infinity. But the truly excellent reconstructive surgeon will know when their toolbox is in any way lacking, and fears not remedying that deficiency even if the talents of another colleague must be sought, so as always to ensure that the patient will obtain the best appropriate treatment!

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.118-126
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• 2008

Dental fear is one of the main barriers to the use of dental services, leading patients to avoid periodical dental check-ups or treatments, thus making oral health worse, and sometimes becoming the reason that dental professionals fail control the behavior of patients. Therefore, a dental fear must be controlled carefully in order to promote oral health and effective dental treatment. This study was taken from 313 people 13 to 18 year olds to measure their levels of dental fear. After analyzing the characteristics of dental fear and its related factors, as well as other factors which influence dental fear, we acquired the following results. 1. The level of dental fear was high, compared with advanced countries with relatively good oral health. 2. The strongest physiological response experienced during a dental treatment was the tension of muscles. These dental fears were mainly related to anesthetic needles and drills. 3. Levels of dental fear became higher, the number of times for the dental services utilization had reduced, avoid regular dental examination and perceived oral disease symptoms increased. 4. One of the biggest influences on dental fears turns out to be direct painful experiences and beliefs about dentists.