• 대한간호학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.286-297
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of myofascial pain syndrome on shoulder pain, range of motion, and body composition around the shoulder in middle-aged women. Methods: A total of 72 women participated in the randomized controlled trial. The subjects were grouped into an experimental group (n=39) and a control group (n=33). The experimental group received a resistance exercise program using an elastic band for 8 weeks, 3 days a week. The control group followed a normal daily for 8 weeks. Measurements were conducted three times; before the experimental treatment (pre-test), the 2nd and 8th weeks after treatment. Results: Regarding the general characteristics and homogeneity of the dependent variables, there were no significant differences between the two groups, except for the thickness of the left and right muscles and the left fat. After treatment, shoulder pain was significantly different between the two groups (F=18.54, p<.001) and the range of shoulder motion was significantly different (left, F=86.70, p<.001; right, F=98.66, p<.001). Furthermore, there were a significant differences in the thickness of muscles between the two groups (left, F=40.20, p<.001; right, F=29.57, p<.001); however, the thickness of fat was not significantly different. Conclusion: The resistance exercise program reduces shoulder pain and improves the range of motion of the shoulder joint and increases muscle mass on around the shoulder. It suggests to conduct a study to confirm the long-term exercise effect.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1969

Skin temperatures on 10 sites and rectal temperature at every 10 minutes, oxygen consumption at every 20 minutes were measured on 18 male subjects (ages between 14 and 47 years) after exposure to cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ for two hours in a climatic room. Total body fat measured by means of a skinfold method and ratio of body surface area (S) to body volume (V), S/V, were utilized as basis of observations. Surface area was calculated after DuBois equation and body volume was calculated by our original formula. In influencing on the heat loss from the body core to the cold environment, % fat showed inverse relations, whereas, S/V ratio showed direct relations. Thus these two factors acted antagonistically on the body heat loss. Local skin temperatures showed negative correlations with skinfold thickness on the same site, nemaly, on chest, r=-.567; on back, r=-.507; and on upper arm, r=-.353. The other 7 skin sites showed low correlations with % fat. Minimum mean weighted skin temperature (MWST) showed a negative correlation (r=-.443) with % fat, and showed no correlation with S/V ratio. Oxygen consumption in the cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ increased from the first measurement at 20 minutes after exposure and maintained the same increasing trend up to 120 minutes. ${\Delta}T_R$ was greater in tile lean subjects who showed a greater % change in oxygen consumption. The antagonistic actions of % fat and S/V ratio on the heat loss were manifested by observations as follows: minimum rectal temperature was higher In fat subjects (r=.600) and lower in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (=-.582), ${\Delta}T_R$ was smaller in fat subjects (r=-.738) and greater in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (r=.618). Temperature difference between body core and skin surface (minimum rectal temperature minus minimum MWST) showed a positive correlation with % fat (r=.600) and a negative correlation with S/V ratio (r=-.881). Decrease in the mean body temperature and heat debt, respectively, showed negative correlations with % fat and positive correlations with S/V ratio.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2007

2007년 한․미 FTA 협상 체결로 미국산 쇠고기 수입이 재개된 현재 육질과 가격면에서 우수한 수입육이 늘어나고 있는 상황에서 한우의 경쟁력강화를 위해 많은 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 한우개량농가는 송아지 생산량의 빠른 증가와 송아지 폐사율의 감소로 사육기술이 향상되어지고 있으며, 1993년 이후부터 한우 경쟁력강화를 위해 육질개량에 중점을 두고 거세를 통한 장기 비육으로 1등급이상의 출현율이 점차 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있다. 소비자의 식육패턴도 양적인 측면에서 질적인 측면으로 변화하고 있다. 고급육의 생산은 품종(Course 등, 1989), 성별, 연령(Hunsley 등, 1971) 등에 의하여 결정될 수가 있다. 한우 도체형질에 관한 연구는 국내에서도 최근 박과 박(2002)과 노 등(2004)이 연구 보고하였으나 이는 후대검정우와 후대축들의 도체형질에 관한 연구였으며, 일반 한우 사육농가의 도체형질에 관한 연구는 이루어 지지 않고 있다. 환경효과의 경우 대부분의 연구가 출생년도－계절, 출생지역의 효과를 추정하였으며, 도축년도, 도축계절, 도축지역에 관한 연구는 이루어 지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 일반 한우사육농가에서 출하하여 도축한 축산물등급판정소의 등급판정결과를 이용하여 도축년도, 도축계절, 성, 도축지역이 도체형질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 추정하고, 도체형질에 대해 REML(Restricted Maximum Likelihood) 방법으로 유전력 및 유전모수를 추정하여 일반 한우사육농가에서 출하한 개체의 도체형질에 관해 알아봄으로써 후대검정우나 후대축이 아닌 우리나라 전체 도축우에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2003

Carcass weight and backfat thickness are two of important elements in determining the carcass trait in pigs and are studied on animal genetics, nutrition, and endocrinology. Growth factors stimulate or inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of various cells. In particular, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transforming growth factor (TGF)-$\beta$, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the growth and maintenance of muscle. Also, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol are known to be related to the obesity and subcutaneous fat depth in pigs. Therefore, this study was performed to relate growth factors (IGFs, TGF-${\beta}1$, and EGF) and hormones (cortisol and DHEA-S) concentrations at antemortem and postmortem periods to carcass traits including carcass weight and backfat thickness. Blood and m. Longissimus were collected in pigs at antemortem (30 days before slaughter) and postmortem periods. After slaughtered, carcass weight and backfat thickness were measured. Growth factors and hormones in serum and m. Longissimus were measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked imuunosorbent assay. Before antemortem period, serum IGF-I and -II concentrations were positively correlated with the carcass weight and backfat thickness in gilts, and the concentrations of TGF- ${\beta}1$ and cortisol in barrows show the correlation with only carcass weight. Also, the positive correlations of muscular IGFs and TGF-${\beta}1$ at postmortem 45 min with the carcass weight and backfat thickness were detected. Consequently, these results suggest that the serum and muscular endocrine factors are involved in the carcass weight and backfat thickness in pigs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권10호
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• pp.1082-1089
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• 2005

목 적 : 복부 비만은 고혈압, 인슐린 저항, 고인슐린혈증, 당뇨, 고지혈증과 같은 많은 심혈관계 질환의 위험 요인으로 제시되고 있다. 복부 비만을 측정하는 지표로 허리/둔부 비와 허리둘레가 사용되고 있으나, 관상동맥 질환의 예측인자로 복부 비만의 측정학적 cut-off 수치가 소아에서는 아직 제시되지 못하고 있다. 복부 전산화 단층촬영과 초음파를 이용하여 복부 지방을 측정하고, 여러 비만 지표들과의 상관관계를 연구함으로써 복부 비만의 합병증으로 초래되는 심혈관계 질환의 위험인자 평가 방법을 알아 보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 비만한 청소년 27명과 나이와 성별이 대등한 정상 체중을 가진 청소년 22명을 대상으로 하여 체질량 지수와 비만 지수, 상완둘레 및 삼각근에서 피부 두께를 비교하였다. 또한, 12시간 공복 상태에서 혈중 지질 및 혈당, 인슐린, 4가지 사이토카인을 측정하고, 인슐린 저항 지수를 구하였으며, 생체 전기저항법을 이용하여 체지방량, 체지방률, 복부지방률을 측정하여 비교하였다. 비만군에서는 복부 초음파로 배꼽부위 피하지방 두께와 복강 내 지방 두께를 측정하고, 복부 전산화 단층 촬영으로 얻은 횡단면 스캔에서 전체 지방 면적을 구하였고, 이 중 피하지방의 면적을 감산하여 복강 내 지방 면적을 구하였다. 결 과 : 소아에서 복부 CT로 측정한 총 지방 면적과 생체 전기 저항법으로 측정한 총지방량과 상관성이 매우 높았다(r=0.954, P<0.05). 복부 CT에서 측정한 복강 내 지방 면적은 상완둘레, 복부비만율, 초음파로 측정한 복부 내 지방 깊이 및 피하 지방량, 체질량 지수, 중성지방 등과 상관성이 높았다. 결 론 : 복부 CT는 복강 내 지방을 측정하는 가장 정확한 방법이지만 임상적으로 유용하지 못하므로, CT와 상관성이 높은 복부 초음파로 대치할 수 있다. 외래나 학교 신체검사에서 사용할 수 있는 선별 검사로는 생체 전기 저항법에 의한 체지방 측정, 상완 둘레, 체질량 지수, 허리/둔부 비 등이 있다. 소아 성인병의 심혈관 위험 예측 지표로는 공복시 leptin, 중성지방, 인슐린 농도 등을 사용할 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.622-626
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• 2007

Using multi-trait animal model BLUP, selection was conducted over seven generations for growth rate (DG), real-time ultrasound loin-eye muscle area (LEA), backfat thickness (BF), and intramuscular fat content (IMF) to develop a new line of purebred Duroc pigs with enhanced meat production and meat quality. This study was intended to investigate the relationship between restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene and intramuscular fat content (IMF) of this Duroc purebred population. The present experiment examined the RFLP of 499 slaughtered pigs. The DNA was separated from the blood or ear tissue of the pigs, which were slaughtered at 105 kg of body weight. Intramuscular fat content of the longissimus muscle was measured using chemical analysis. A significant difference was detected in the breeding value of IMF among the H-FABP PCR RFLP genotypes. The AA genotype has a significantly larger positive effect on the IMF breeding value than do the Aa and aa genotypes for the MspI RFLP. In addition, the DD genotype has a significantly greater positive effect on IMF breeding value than the Dd and dd genotypes for the HaeIII RFLP. For the HinfI RFLP, the hh genotype has a significantly larger positive effect on IMF breeding value than the HH genotype. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the IMF breeding values as the dependent variable and the three H-FABP genotypes as independent variables. Results revealed that the contribution of the genotypes to variation in IMF breeding values was approximately 40%. These results demonstrated that H-FABP RFLPs affect IMF in this Duroc population.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2005

한우의 혈액성분과 도체형질간의 상관관계를 구명하여 도체 품질을 예측하고 예견되는 능력에 따른 사양관리로 도체품질을 향상시키고자 한우에서 도축 2개월 전과 수송전 그리고 도살시 혈청성분 농도와 도체 형질간의 표현형 상관을 분석한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 거세우의 도살 2개월 전 혈청 성분 농도와 도체 형질간의 상관에서 육량지수는 total protein (0.23), albumin(0.26), calcium(0.31)과 정의상관이나 BUN (-0.30)과는 음의 상관관계가 있었으며, 배최장근단면적은 BUN(0.17), globulin(0.16)과 정의 상관이 있었다. 등지방두께는 BUN(0.42) 및 inorganig phosphorus (0.20)와 정의상관관계이나 total protein(-0.23), albumin(-0.33) 및 calcium(-0.33)과 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 그리고 근내지방도는 BUN (0.28)과는 정의 상관관계가 그리고 IGF-I 및 calcium과는 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 2 거세우의 수송전 혈청성분 농도와 도체형질간의 상관관계를 살펴보면, 배최장근단면적은 TP(-0.16) 및 BUN(-0.15)과 음의 상관이었고, 등지방두께는 IGF-I(-0.21), glucose (-0.21), creatinine(-0.19) 및 inorganic phosphorus (-0.18)와 음의 상관을 나타내었으며, 근내지 방도는 creatinine (-0.16)과 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 3, 거세우의 도살시 혈청 성분 농도와 도체형질간의 상관에서 육량지수는 연령을 보정한 calcium과 정의 상관(0.31)이었고, 생체중은 BUN(0.17)과 정의 상관이었으며, 배최장근단 면적은 albumin(-0.19)과 음의 상관을 나타내었고, 등지방두께는 연령으로 보정되어 calcium(-0.38)과 음의 상관이었고, 근내지방도는 연령으로 보정 한 calcium(-0.17)과 음의 상관을 나타내었다. 4. 도살 2개월 전 혈청 성분 농도와 도체 형질들간의 상관에서 육량지수는 testosterone 및 caicium과 0.71 및 0.67로 높은 상관이었고 inorganic phosphate와 -0.71의 높은 음의 상관을 보였다. 생체중은 calcium과 0.67의 높은 정의 상관이었으나, 도체중은 glucose와 -0.69의 음의 상관이었다. 등지방두께는 cortisol 및 inorganic phosphate(IP)와 0.29 및 0.69)로 정의 상관이었으며, 근내지방도는 creatinine과 -0.81로 높은 음의 상관이었으나 BUN과는 0.87로 높은 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 수송 감량은 albumin 및 inorganic phosphate와 0.77, 0.83로 높은 수준의 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 5. 비거세우의 수송전 혈청 성분 농도와 도체 형질들 간의 상관에서 육량지수는 testosterone과 0.66으로 정의 상관이었고, 도체율은 globulin과 0.73으로 높은 상관을 나타내었다. 등지방두께는 testosterone과 -0.60의 음의 상관이었고. 배최장근단면적은 testosterone과 0.40의 정의 상관이었고 근내지방도와 creatinine 농도간에는 -0.55의 비교적 높은 음의 상관계수가 추정되었으나 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 6. 한우 비거세우의 도살시 혈청 성분 농도와 도체형질과의 상관에서 육량지수는 연령에 대해 보정한 HDLC 농도와 -0.71의 음의 상관이었으며, 도체율은 globulin과 0.70의 높은 정의 상관이었고, 등지방두께는 연령으로 보정된 HDLC와 0.69로 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 도체중은 triglyceride와 0.51의 정의 상관, 배최장근단면적은 testosterone과 -0.91, 근내지방도는 creatinine 및 glucose와 -0.58의 비교적 높은 상관을 보였으나 유의성이 인정되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1241-1245
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• 2004

Two separate trials were conducted to determine effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS; 0, 10 and 15%) on feed intake, weight gain, and carcass yield and quality of Korean Hanwoo cattle. The daily gains of bulls (Trial 1) were not different among treatment groups, but those of cows (Trial 2) fed WFS 15% were higher (p<0.01) than others. Feed intake of both bulls and cows tended to decrease as dietary level of WFS increased. However, feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of bulls tended to be improved by dietary inclusion of WFS and was significantly improved (p<0.01) in cows by increasing level of WFS. Neither carcass weight nor dressing percentage were affected by WFS level. Back fat thickness of bulls was decreased (p<0.01) by dietary inclusion of WFS and the same trend was observed in cows without statistical significance. Loin-eye area of bulls was not different among treatment groups but was significantly higher (p<0.01) in cows fed WFS. Carcass yield and quality were not improved by WFS addition. The results indicate that WFS is an acceptable fat source in diets of finishing beef cattle to increase energy density without any adverse effects.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2007

This study was to select the measurement points for the brassier and the waist-nipper. 15 subjects (ages 30-40) were chosen by % body fat to represent various physical types. Subjects put on each garment, brassier and a waist-nipper, in turns. Measurement points in the underwear were selected according to the parts of human body. The characteristics and surface area of each garment was considered carefully when the measurement points were selected. Selected measurement points on a brassier and a waist-nipper were chosen from the anterior midsagittal line, the side-seam line, and the posterior midsagittal line. Three points on the brassier and three points on the waist-nipper were selected as the measurement points. There was a highly significant correlation between % body fat and mean garment pressure. There were no significant relationships between thickness of subcutaneous fat and mean garment pressure by measured parts.