• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.381-399
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• 2007

UCP 600 will now come into effect on 1 July 2007, giving practitioners more than six months to prepare for the change. The vote on the UCP was also a favourable vote on eUCP Version 1.1 which was amended to bring it into conformity with the new rules. ICC Banking commission unanimeusly approved the revised UCP 600 on 26 October 2006 in paris convention. The most important revision of UCP600 have altered the technical and difficult to understand wording of UCP500 into plain simple precise and concise language, The singuler achievement of UCP600 is its elimination of phrase like "reasonable care" "reasonable time" and "an it's face" from the rule. The introduction of separate articles 2 and 3 on "Definitions" and "Interpretation" which contain the concept of "honour" along with the inclusion of certain ISBP wording in UCP, should bring about far greater clarity and precision than in many of the contentions articles in UCP500. The definition of negotiation should help lay to rest the controversies surrounding the terms of negotiation. The removal of reasonable time and the replacement by five banking days should speed the process and make L/Cs more attractive in the market, nevertheless UCP600 have many problems in appling it in practical field. For example the definition of credit, negotiation and purchase it's accepted or undertaken payment draft by accepting bank or deferred payment bank, the second advising bark's position etc. so, I will introduce in this thesis the important revised articles of UCP600 and investigate the problems in applying it in practicle field with reference to the specialist's opinion of the practical field and ICC opinions of drafting Group.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.513-521
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• 2020

In this paper, due to the need for cutting cement-soil group pile composite foundation under the 7-story masonry structure of Zhenghe District and the shield tunnel of Zhengzhou Metro Line 5, a field test was conducted to directly cut cement-soil single pile composite foundation with diameter Ф=500 mm. Research results showed that the load transfer mechanism of composite foundation was not changed before and after shield tunnel cut the pile, and pile body and the soil between piles was still responsible for overburden load. The construction disturbance of shield cutting pile is a complicated mechanical process. The load carried by the original pile body was affected by the disturbance effect of pile cutting construction. Also, the fraction of the load carried by the original pile body was transferred to the soil between the piles and therefore, the bearing capacity of composite foundation was not decreased. Only the fractions of the load carried by pile and the soil between piles were distributed. On-site monitoring results showed that the settlement of pressure-bearing plates produced during shield cutting stage accounted for about 7% of total settlement. After the completion of pile cutting, the settlements of bearing plates generated by shield machine during residual pile composite foundation stage and shield machine tail were far away from residual pile composite foundation stage which accounted for about 15% and 74% of total settlement, respectively. In order to reduce the impact of shield cutting pile construction on the settlement of upper composite foundation, it was recommended to take measures such as optimization of shield construction parameters, radial grouting reinforcement and "clay shock" grouting within the disturbance range of shield cutting pile construction. Before pile cutting, the pile-soil stress ratio n of composite foundation was 2.437. After the shield cut pile is completed, the soil around the lining structure is gradually consolidated and reshaped, and residual pile composite foundation reaches a new state of force balance. This was because the condensation of grouting layer could increase the resistance of remaining pile end and friction resistance of the side of the pile.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.1-14
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• 1998

In this paper the negotiation skills, which have been so far known as non-scientific or artistic field, are analyzed on the basis of behavioral science view point. Negotiator's behavior and psychological situation are believed to influence the negotiation result significantly, therefore, those factors are reviewed with behavioral science framework. Some concepts developed in Cognitive Psychology to explain the decision making models - prominence, commitment, escalation of commitment, framing, adjustment and anchoring, endowment effect - are reconceptualized and applied to the negotiation skill analysis and negotiation skill development in this paper. As the results of this research, various negotiation skills which have been so far believed as irrational and artistic are now able to be explained on the basis of sound logic and reasoning. This means also that valuable and elegant negotiation skills should be further developed by behavioral scientists.

• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2022

CubeSat is a satellite platform that is widely used not only for earth observation but also for space exploration. CubeSat is also used in magnetic field investigation missions to observe space physics phenomena with various shape configurations of magnetometer instrument unit. In case of magnetic field measurement, the magnetometer instrument should be far away from the satellite body to minimize the magnetic disturbances from satellites. But the accommodation setting of the magnetometer instrument is limited due to the volume constraint of small satellites like a CubeSat. In this paper, we investigated that the magnetic field interference generated by the cube satellite was analyzed how much it can affect the reliability of magnetic field measurement. For this analysis, we used a reaction wheel and Torque rods which have relatively high-power consumption as major noise sources. The magnetic dipole moment of these parts was derived by the data sheet of the manufacturer. We have been confirmed that the effect of the residual moment of the magnetic torque located in the middle of the 3U cube satellite can reach 36,000 nT from the outermost end of the body of the CubeSat in a space without an external magnetic field. In the case of accurate magnetic field measurements of less than 1 nT, we found that the magnetometer should be at least 0.6 m away from the CubeSat body. We expect that this analysis method will be an important role of a magnetic cleanliness analysis when designing a CubeSat to carry out a magnetic field measurement.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.59-65
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• 2013

Purpose - Studies of mechanism as a competitive strategy, a relatively new field in the study of strategic management research, has recently drawn the attention of the business management scholars. The literature has so far proposed the subjective-based view, environment-based view, and the resource-based view in its analyses of firm management. Hence, it is highly likely for the firm management to be reasonably thought of as a combination of and interaction among the three key elements of subject, environment, and resources this is the mechanism-based view (MBV). It is reasonable to consider firm management to be the combination of and interaction among the three key elements of subject, environment, and resources. The overall dynamic process that integrates these three elements and creates functional harmony is identified as the mechanism, the principle of firm management. Much of the extant literatures on MBV has mainly focused on case studies, a qualitative approach prone to subjectivity of the researcher, although the intuition from the study may lead to meaningful insights into a firm-specific mechanism. This study's focus is also on case analysis, but it still attempts a quantitative approach in order to reach a scientific and systematic understanding of the MBV. Research design, data, and methodology - I used both a qualitative and quantitative approach to a single model, given the complexity of the innovation processes. I conducted in-depth interviews with POSCO employees-20 from general management, two from human resources, eight from information technology, five from finance and accounting, and five from production and logistics management. Once the innovative events were selected, the interview results were double-checked by the interviewees themselves to ensure the accuracy of the answers recorded. Based on the interview, I then conducted statistical validation using the survey results as well. Results - This study analyzes the building process of innovation and the effect of the mechanism pattern on innovation by examining the case of POSCO, which has survived over the past 21 years. I apply a new analytical tool to study mechanism innovation types, perform a new classification, and describe the interrelationships among the mechanism factors. This process allows me to see how the "Subject"factor interacts with the other factors. I found that, in the innovation process of the adoption stage, Subject had a mediating effect but that the mediating effect of resource and performance was smaller than the effect of Subject on performance alone. During the implementation stage, the mediating effect of Subject increased. Conclusion - Therefore, I have confirmed that the subject utilizes resources reasonably and efficiently. I have also advanced mechanism studies: whereas the field's research methods have been largely confined to single case studies, I have used both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the relationships among mechanisms.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2002

The climatological characteristics of the polar ionosphere is examined in terms of the ionospheric conductance and electric field. For this purpose, 109 days of measurements from the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar are utilized. By combining these two quantities, it is possible to deduce the overhead ionospheric current distributions. The ionospheric current density thus obtained is compared with the corresponding ground magnetic disturbance. Also examined is the effect of the field-aligned current on the ground magnetic disturbance, particularly on the D component Several interesting climatological characteristics about the ionosphere over the Sonderstrom are apparent from this study. (1) The conductance distribution is mainly due to solar EUV radiation during day-time On the other hand, the conductance distribution during the night-time is very low. (2) The conductance distribution one. the polar cap region during the day-time is controlled mostly by the solar EUV radiation, while it is extremely low during night-time wish the Hall and Pedersen conductances being 1.6 and 1.2 siemen, respectively (3) The region of the maximum N-S electric field tend to locate in the dayside sector. The E-W component of the electric field is stronger than that over Chatanika (4) The E-W auroal inospheric current (J/sub E/) is more important in the sunlit hemisphere than the night hemisphere. And a strong southward current is noted in the prenoon sector (5) There is a significant correlation between the overhead ionospheric current and the simultaneously observed ground magnetic disturbance. However, the assumption for the infinite sheet current approximation is far from realistic, underestimating the current density. And the correlation between ${\Delta}H$ and J/sub E/ is higher than the one between ${\Delta}D$ and J/sub N/ , indicating that field-aligned current affects significantly ${\Delta}D$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1427-1434
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• 2003

Turbo- or Super-charging has been used to boost engine power for Gasoline- and Diesel Engine since beginning of 20th century. So far turbo-charger has enjoyed a high reputation in the charging field for its technical advantages such as no demand of operation power from engine and an excellent charging effect in a static operation at mid- and high engine speed. A mechanically driven super-charger, however, is now popular due to the high engine power at quick change of the driving mode - high engine torque even at low engine speed. Since super-charger needs operation power from engine, it is difficult to improve its relatively higher fuel consumption than that of turbo-charger. This negative point is still an obstacle to the wide use of supercharger. Super-charger using screw-type compressor will fulfill the purpose to reduce fuel consumption by minimizing operation power owing to no charge at idling or part load driving condition. This study aims to develop power control concept to achieve the minimization of operation power. A screw type super-charger was modified in design partially and installed with an internal bypass valve and a bypass tube to control charging pressure at part load. The various control concepts show a possibility to reduce operation power of super-charger.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2015

Metamaterials, artificially structured nanomaterials, have enabled unprecedented phenomena such as invisibility cloaking and negative refraction. Especially, hyperbolic metamaterials also known as indefinite metamaterials have unique dispersion relation where the principal components of its permittivity tensors are not all with the same signs and magnitudes. Such extraordinary dispersion relation results in hyperbolic dispersion relations which lead to a number of interesting phenomena, such as super-resolution effect which transfers evanescent waves to propagating waves at its interface with normal materials and, the propagation of electromagnetic waves with very large wavevectors comparing they are evanescent waves and thus decay quickly in natural materials. In this abstract, I will focus discussing our efforts in achieving the unique optical property overcoming diffraction limit to achieve several extraordinary metamaterials and metadevices demonstration. First, I will present super-resolution imaging device called "hyperlens", which is the first experimental demonstration of near- to far-field imaging at visible light with resolution beyond the diffraction limit in two lateral dimensions. Second, I will show another unique application of metamaterials for miniaturizing optical cavity, a key component to make lasers, into the nanoscale for the first time. It shows the cavity array which successfully captured light in 20nm dimension and show very high figure of merit experimentally. Last, I will discuss the future direction of the hyperbolic metamaterial and outlook for the practical applications. I believe our efforts in sub-wavelength metamaterials having such extraordinary optical properties will lead to further advanced nanophotonics and nanooptics research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.158-163
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• 2005

In this paper the aeroacoustic characteristics of a tilt-rotor system is measured by using a sealed model tilt-rotor. With a microphone array system and the do-dopplerization algorithm, the location and the characteristics of rotor noise are successfully measured. The most of high frequency noise (4kHz) is found to be located at rotor blade tips, but the low frequency tonal noise is dominant on the middle of the rotor blades. The measured tonal noise characteristics are compared to the results of theoretical calculation. At 0.5m distance from the rotor plane, measured and calculated data are relatively well matched regardless of rotating speed and collective pitch angie for the azimuthal angles between $0^{\circ}\;and\;60^{\circ}$. However, the data on the azimuthal angles between $70^{\circ}\;and\;90^{\circ}$ are not quite comparable. In addition, the compared data for far-field case (1.5m) are quite different. This is probably due to the unsteady effect which if not included in the theoretical calculation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.48-63
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• 2011

Digital makeup(DM), depending upon computer graphic softwares, is applied to various fields, e.g. character works in movie and game industries and visual printouts in printing works. Focused on makeup field, DM is extremely conducive to developing, scientizing and informationalizing makeup patterns. Despite of unlimited potential of DM of which market size has been growing day by day, its practical use by domestic makeup experts and educators is much less active than expected as far, due to the lack of knowledge accumulation. The purpose of this study is to suggest some theoretical frameworks to generalize DM techniques and analyze two cases using the frames therefore support academicians' recent efforts to theorize DM techniques. The study 1) defines and categorizes the concepts of DM and DFX(digital special effect); 2) reviews the literature relevant to DM and generalizes the types and methods of DM techniques; 3) applies general frames to analyzing two movie cases, famous for their DM effects; 4) then suggests, based upon analytical results, some efficient ways for makeup experts to use DM techniques in practice. This study contributes to providing the theoretical grounds to conceptualize DM thus broadening makeup artists' interests in DM and awakening the scholarly concerns in cultural technology including DM.