• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1993

The utilization of outpatient care services involves two steps of sequential decisions. The first step decision is about whether to initiate the utilization and the second one is about how many more visits to make after the initiation. Presumably, the initiation decision is largely made by the patient and his or her family, while the number of additional visits is decided under a strong influence of the physician. Implication is that the analysis of the outpatient care utilization requires to specify each of the two decisions underlying the utilization as a distinct stochastic process. This paper is concerned with the number of physician visits, which is, by definition, a discrete variable that can take only non-negative integer values. Since the initial visit is considered in the analysis of whether or not having made any physician visit, the focus on the number of visits made in addition to the initial one must be enough. The number of additional visits, being a kind of count data, could be assumed to exhibit a Poisson distribution. However, it is likely that the distribution is over dispersed since the number of physician visits tends to cluster around a few values but still vary widely. A recently reported study of outpatient care utilization employed an analysis based upon the assumption of a negative binomial distribution which is a type of overdispersed Poisson distribution. But there is an indication that the use of Poisson distribution making adjustments for over-dispersion results in less loss of efficiency in parameter estimation compared to the use of a certain type of distribution like a negative binomial distribution. An analysis of the data for outpatient care utilization was performed focusing on an assessment of appropriateness of available techniques. The data used in the analysis were collected by a community survey in Hwachon Gun, Kangwon Do in 1990. It was observed that a Poisson regression with adjustments for over-dispersion is superior to either an ordinary regression or a Poisson regression without adjustments oor over-dispersion. In conclusion, it seems the most approprite to assume that the number of physician visits made in addition to the initial visist exhibits an overdispersed Poisson distribution when outpatient care utilization is studied based upon a model which embodies the two-part character of the decision process uderlying the utilization.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.299-317
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• 2008

The school drop-out among the youth has grown to become a serious social problem since about 2000 and calls for an attention to its seriousness. Therefore, this study reviewed the statitistical reports and the previous empirical findings on the school drop-out and integrated to establish a comprehensive understanding of this social phenomenon. The main concepts and terminologies on school drop-out, the current statistics, the possible causal factors and the usual trajectory the youth take after dropping-out of school were discussed to conceptualize the issue. Analyses indicated 12 characteristics of the students who dropped out of school. Those 12 characteristics were restructured according to the ecological conceptual model. The social instability and the financial crisis in the 1990's has eroded the stability of the primary environments of adolescents such as family and school. The family breakdowns from divorce and other reasons weakened psychological and financial support for adolescents. The diminished authority of teachers and school over students exposed conflicts between teacher and students, students' loss of purpose and interest in academic attainment. The adolescents showed emotional reponses like increased level of depression, helplessness, aggression, indicated cognitive reponses such as the loss of purpose and interest in studying, a heightened sense of uncertainty of the future, and behavioral responses like sexual acting out behaviors, and bullying. The unmet psychological needs of adolescents result in run-away and school drop-out behaviors, which in turn progress into juvenile delinquency as the society fails to provide adequate and appropriate guidance and interventions. The intervention strategies at the national level were proposed and the limitations of the study were discussed.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2020

This study is to study Adler's individual psychology and to study the counseling process and counseling techniques based on the counseling theory derived there. The progress of Adler's consultation process is first, and the relationship formation phase is the phase of seeking equal and mutually cooperative relations working as active partners toward agreed objectives between the counselor and the counsellor. Second, the lifestyle search phase is an important goal to understand lifestyle and how lifestyle affects life's task. Third, the insight phase is the one that has insight. Fourth, it is carried out in the financial direction (transformation of behavior). Adler's counseling techniques include general techniques and special techniques, and general techniques include promptness, advice, encouragement, paradoxical intentions, demonstration of poetry, and role play. Special techniques include pressing a doorbell, spitting on a physician's soup, Midas technique, entertaining others, avoiding low-quality children and self-restraint. In conclusion, individual psychological counseling is based on growth model, not medical model, and has more interest in re-education and re-lighting healthy individuals and societies than on the aspect of treatment. Therefore, it applies to various areas such as child guidance centers, parent-child counseling, marital counseling, family counseling, group counseling and treatment, personal counseling for children and adolescents, cultural conflicts and mental health campaigns.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.325-355
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• 2012

This study was aimed to seek the essential meaning of the Strengths Model based experience of the mothers of the children with ADHD. To achieve such goal, a phenomenological study was carried out from April 2010 to April 2011 covering about 12 months in the way of 2~3 times of interviewing with 14 mothers of the children with ADHD. As a result, the essence of the experiences of those mothers was interpreted as 'the running of unwanted marathon struggling themselves to complete it'. The joining in the unwanted marathon turned out to have led 'me' the mother of the children with ADHD into miserable pain, but that is the 'energy' for 'my child' to endure the world. The essence of those mothers' experiences were divided into eight processes by timely constitution. They firstly experience 'a serial confusion' by their children's odd behaviour which turns out to be 'a semiconscious feeling by the diagnosis with 'ADHD' but then they make full efforts for their children accepting their 'maternal fate'. In that process, they participate in the unwanted marathon with the feeling of misery and gratitude for the 'sayings of teachers which play the roles of shot and grace'. The process was expressed as 'marathon like pain'. They make a resolve to live positively in the midst of lonely struggle unable to give up toward the finish line for 'my child and myself'. They encourage themselves for their children, but that's not easy process. Nevertheless, they gain enduring energy supported by their child, family and specialists. Those mothers keep running today also for their 'beloved doves enduring the ongoing hardship' from the raising of abnormal child toward the finish line of the marathon they have to run for even though the 'finish line' may turn into' 'starting point' again'. This researcher submits here the maternal experiences above as the task to practice social welfare for the mothers of the children with ADHD and the children themselves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.15-30
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze what factors are associated with child care accreditation in Chungbuk province. This study examined three questions about which factors influence the accreditation of childcare centers: 1) if they passed the accreditation criteria, 2) the total score on the accreditation criteria, and 3) the domain scores for the six domains of environment, management, process, interaction and teaching, health and nutrition, and safety. The characteristics of 1,212 childcare centers, the independent variables, were commit management, type, specialized service, maximum capacity of children, registration ratio, target age groups of children, duration, and city size. The formal expert committee evaluated objective scores for 952 childcare centers. I derived the data for this study from the i-sarang Childcare Information Portal site (http://info.childcare. go.kr/). Frequency, descriptive statistics, binary logit model, and OLS model analysis were used to examine the accreditation and scores by factors of childcare centers. The findings of the present study are as follows. First, about 80% of the 1,212 childcare centers in Chungbuk province were accredited. Second, the accreditation of the child care center was affected by the specialized service, registration ratio, and duration. Finally, the total score of accredited childcare centers was associated with the maximum capacity of children, registration ratio, and duration. The factors of childcare centers influencing sub-area scores were different by environment, interaction and teaching, health and nutrition, and safety. The present study is important because it offers preliminary data identifying accreditation characteristics that can judge problems related to the quality of service of childcare centers and suggest childcare policy implications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.173-194
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• 2015

The study reports a preliminary analysis for the No-Gun Ri massacre documentation strategy based on Hackman and Wornow-Blewett's implementation model, as an appraisal and selection method for No-Gun Ri Digital Archives. It intends to review the theoretical background for this process, inlcuding a history of the No-Gun Ri massacre and the development of documentation strategy. From the theoretical analysis, this study identified the No Gun Ri documentation strategy processes in 5 categories: "cooperative collecting", "collecting in specific areas", "identifing missing areas" and "advisory group". With these 5 categories, this study discusses the application of the Hackman and Wornow-Blewett's implementation model in the No Gun Ri case and reviews the strategy's pros and cons. As a result, firstly, we classfy focusing groups into "victims and bereaved family", "government", "civil society", "the press" and "literature and art". Secondly, we also classify documentation categories into "massacre records", "investigation activity records" and "cherish memory".

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.98-115
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• 2012

New trend called ubiquitous leads the recent business by standardization and integration. It should be the main issue how to guarantee the integration and accountability on each business, especially in mission critical system which is mainly supported by M2M (Machine to Machine) control mechanism. This study is from the analysis of digital forensics case study that is from the M2M Sensing Control Mechanism problem of the "Imjin River" case in 2009, where a group of family is swept away to death by water due to M2M control error. The ubiquitous surroundings bring the changes in the field of criminal investigation to real time controls such as M2M systems. The needs of digital forensics on M2M control are increasing on every crime scene but we suffer from the lack of control metrics to get this done efficiently. The court asks for more accurately analyzed results accounting high quality product development design. Investigators in the crime scene need real-time analysis against the crime caused by poor quality of mission critical systems. It seems to be every need of Real-Time-Enterprise, so called ubiquitous society on the case. We try to find the efficiency and productivity in discovering non-functional design defects in M2M convergence products focusing on three metrics in study model with quick implementation. Digital forensics system in present status depends on know-how of each investigator and is hard to expect professional analysis on every field. This study set up a hypothesis "Co-working of professional investigators on each field will qualify Performance and Integrity" especially in mission critical system such as M2M and suggests "Online co-work analysis model" to efficiently detect and prevent mission critical errors in advance. At the conclusion, this study proved the statistical research that was surveyed by digital forensics specialists around M2M crime scene cases with quick implementation of dash board.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2017

Purpose: From August 2017, hospice-palliative care (HPC) will be provided to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and liver cirrhosis in Korea. To contribute to building a non-cancer (NC) hospice-palliative care model, NC specialists were interviewed regarding the goals, details, and provision methods of the model. Methods: Four physicians specializing in HPC of cancer patients formulated a semi-structured interview with questions extracted from literature review of 85 articles on NC HPC. Eleven NC disease specialists were interviewed, and their answers were analyzed according to the qualitative content analysis process. Results: The interviewees said as follows: It is difficult to define end-stage NC patients. HPC for cancer patients and that for NC patients share similar goals and content. However, emphasis should be placed on alleviating other physical symptoms and emotional care rather than pain control. Timing of the care provision should be when patients are diagnosed as "end stage". Special issues should be considered for each NC disease (e.g., use of anti-retroviral drugs for AIDS patients, oxygen supply for COPD patients suffering from dyspnea, liver transplantation for patients with liver cirrhosis) and education should be provided to healthcare professionals. NC patients tend to negatively perceive HPC, and the government's financial assistance is insufficient. Conclusion: It is necessary to define end-stage NC patients through in-depth discussion to minimize issues that will likely accompany the expansion of care recipients. This requires cooperation between medical staff caring for NC patients and HPC givers for cancer patients.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.