• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-77
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• 2017

The failure mechanism of a deep hard rock tunnel under high geostress and high geothermalactivity is extremely complex. Uniaxial compression tests of granite at different temperatures were conducted. The complete stress-strain curves, mechanical parameters and macroscopic failure types of the rock were analyzed in detail. The brittleness index, which represents the possibility of a severe brittleness hazard, is proposed in this paperby comparing the peak stress and the expansion stress. The results show that the temperature range from 20 to $60^{\circ}C$ is able to aggravate the brittle failure of hard rock based on the brittleness index. The closure of internal micro cracks by thermal stress can improve the strength of hard rock and the storage capacity of elastic strain energy. The failure mode ofthe samples changes from shear failure to tensile failure as the temperature increases. In conclusion, the brittle failure mechanism of hard rock under the action of thermal coupling is revealed, and the analysis result offers significant guidance for deep buried tunnels at high temperatures and under high geostress.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.14 no.5 s.60
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• pp.613-625
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• 2002

This paper aimed to investigate the damage process of steel parts experiencing failure under strong repeated loading. Likewise, a damage index using various factors related to the damage was proposed. An analysis method for evaluating the damage state was also developed. The damage assessment method focused on the local strain history at the cross-section of the heaviest concentration of deformation. Cantilever-type steel parts were analyzed under uniaxial load combined with a constant axial load, considering horizontal displacement history, Loading patterns and steel types were considered as the main parameters in analyzing the models. The effects of the parameters on the failure modes, deformation capacity, and damage process as seen from the analysis results were also discussed. Each failure process was compared as steel types. In addition, the failure of steel parts under strong repeated loading was determined according to loading. Results revealed that the state of the failure is closely related to the local plastic strain.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6C
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• pp.321-329
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• 2009

Laboratory compressive test was conducted on 6 different types of rock in order to investigate the characteristic of critical strain under uniaxial and triaxial stress condition. The results of uniaxial compressive test mostly ranged within 1~100MPa, the critical strain was also located between 0.1~1.0%. Therefore the results distributed within the upper and lower boundary proposed by Sakurai (1982). And the failure/critical strain ratio (${\varepsilon}_f/{\varepsilon}_0$) showed between 1.0~1.8 value depending on the uniaxial compressive strength. The results of critical strain by triaxial compressive test showed below 0.8% value for all test, the M value calculated from uniaxial and triaxial compressive test results ranged 1.0~8.0 for most of rock specimens. It is concluded that failure strain (${\varepsilon}_{f3}$) of rock mass, which is in triaxial stress condition is larger than the results of uniaxial stress condition (${\varepsilon}_{f1}$) by 1.0~8.0 times and value showed 1.0~1.8 larger value than critical strain (${\varepsilon}_{01}$). Therefore it is a conservative way for rock tunnel to use critical strain (${\varepsilon}_{01}$) calculated from a uniaxial compressive strength on tunnel displacement monitoring.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.833-838
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• 2007

In tube hydroforming process, several defective products could be obtained such as bursting, wrinkling, folding, buckling. Because, especially, bursting is most frequently occurred failure among the well known failures, it is mostly important to predict the onset of bursting failure on tube hydroforming process. For most sheet metal forming processes, strain based forming limit diagram(FLD) is used often as a criteria to estimate the possibility of onset of the failures proposed above. However, FLD has a shortcoming that it is dependent on strain path while stress based diagram is independent on strain history. Generally, tube hydroforming consists of three main processes such as pre-bending, pre-forming, and hydroforming and it means that the strain histories of final products are nonlinear. Therefore, forming limit stress diagram(FLSD) is more suitable to predict forming limit for hydroforming parts. In this study, FLSD is applied to estimate bursting failure for an engine cradle of an automobile part. Consequently, it is proved that application of FLSD to predict forming limit is available for tube hydroforming parts.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-92
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• 1993

A series of drained triaxial tests on sand was performed using the cubical triaxial appaiatus, in which three principal stress could be loaded independently. The test results indicated that the intermediate principal stress influenced on both stress strain behavior and strength of sand. The axial strain at failure decreased and volumetric strain increased with an increase of the intermediate stress under constant minor principal stress. The internal friction angle of sand increased in general with increase of the deviator stress ratio b(=(G.:-c, )1(G, -G, )) except slight decrease of the internal friction angle as b value approached to 1. Finally Lade's failure criterion presented good coincidence with the exper imental strengttL while Mohr Coulomb failure criterion underestimated the experimental strength.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.14 no.6 s.78
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• pp.527-532
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• 2005

Among the failure modes which can occur in tube hydroforming such as wrinkling, bursting or buckling, the bursting by local instability under excessive tensile stresses is irrecoverable phenomenon. Thus, the accurate prediction of bursting condition plays an important role in producing the successfully hydroformed part without any defects. As the classical forming limit criteria, strain-based forming limit diagram (FLD) has widely used to predict the failure in sheet metal forming. However, it is known that the FLD is extremely dependant on strain path throughout the forming process. Furthermore, The application of FLD to hydroforming process, where strain path is no longer linear throughout forming process, may lead to misunderstanding for fracture initiation. In this work, stress-based forming limit diagram (FLSD), which is strain path-independent and more general, was applied to prediction of forming limit in tube hydroforming. Combined with the analytical FLSD determined from plastic instability theory, finite element analyses were carried out to find out the state of stresses during hydroforming operation, and then FLSD is utilized as forming limit criterion. In addition, the approach is verified by a series of bulge tests in view of bursting pressure and shows a good agreement. Consequently, it is shown that the approach proposed in this paper will provide a feasible method to satisfy the increasing practical demands for judging the forming severity in hydroforming processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

Among the failure modes which can be occurred in tube hydroforming such as wrinkling, bursting or buckling, the bursting by local instability under excessive tensile stresses is irrecoverable phenomenon. Thus, the accurate prediction of bursting condition plays an important role in producing the successfully hydroformed part without any defects. As the classical forming limit criteria, strain-based forming limit diagram has widely used to predict the failure in sheet metal forming. However, it is known that the FLD is extremely dependant on strain path throughout the forming process. Furthermore, the path-dependent limitation of FLD makes the application to hydroforming process, where strain path is no longer linear throughout forming process, more careful. In this work, stress-based forming limit diagram (FLSD), which is strain path-independent and more general, was applied to prediction of forming limit in tube hydroforming. Combined with the analytical FLSD determined from plastic instability theory, finite element analyses were carried out to find out Ihe state of stresses during hydroforming operation, and then FLSD is utilized as forming limit criterion. In addition, the approach is verified with a series of bulge tests in view of bursting pressure and shows a good agreement. Consequently, it is shown that the approach proposed in this paper will provide a feasible method to satisfy the increasing practical demands for judging the farming severity in hydroforming processes.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2020

Unconfined compression test (UCT) is widely conducted in laboratories to evaluate the mechanical behavior of frozen soils. However, its results are sensitive to the initial conditions of sample creation by freezing as well as the end-surface conditions during loading of the specimen into the apparatus for testing. This work compared ice samples prepared by three-dimensional and one-dimensional freezing. The latter created more-homogenous ice samples containing fewer entrapped air bubbles or air nuclei, leading to relatively stable UCT results. Three end-surface conditions were compared for UCT on ice specimens made by one-dimensional freezing. Steel disc cap with embedded rubber was found most appropriate for UCT. Three frozen materials (ice, frozen sand, and frozen silt) showed different failure patterns, which were classified as brittle failure and ductile failure. Ice and frozen sand showed strain-softening, while frozen silt showed strain-hardening. Subsequent investigation considered the influence of fines content on the unconfined compression behavior of frozen soil mixtures with fines contents of 0-100%. The mixtures showed a brittle-to-ductile transition of failure patterns at 10%-20% fines content.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.319-332
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• 2016

In most cases strengthening reinforced concrete columns exposed to high strain rate is to be expected especially within weak designed structures. A special type of loading is instantaneous loading. Rapid loading can be observed in structural columns exposed to axial loads (e.g., caused by the weight of the upper floors during a vertical earthquake and loads caused by damage and collapse of upper floors and pillars of bridges).Subsequently, this study examines the behavior of reinforced concrete columns under rapid loading so as to understand patterns of failure mechanism, failure capacity and strain rate using finite element code. And examines the behavior of reinforced concrete columns at different support conditions and various loading rate, where the concrete columns were reinforced using various counts of FRP (Fiber Reinforcement Polymer) layers with different lengths. The results were compared against other experimental outcomes and the CEB-FIP formula code for considering the dynamic strength increasing factor for concrete materials. This study reveals that the finite element behavior and failure mode, where the results show that the bearing capacity increased with increasing the loading rate. CFRP layers increased the bearing capacity by 20% and also increased the strain capacity by 50% through confining the concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 2020

Connections play a significant role in strength of structures against earthquake-induced loads. According to the post-seismic reports, connection failure is a cause of overall failure in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Connection failure results in a sudden increase in inter-story drift, followed by early and progressive failure across the entire structure. This article investigated the cyclic performance and behavioral improvement of shape-memory alloy-based connections (SMA-based connections). The novelty of the present work is focused on the effect of shape memory alloy bars is damage reduction, strain recoverability, and cracking distribution of the stated material in RC moment frames under seismic loads using 3D nonlinear static analyses. The present numerical study was verified using two experimental connections. Then, the performance of connections was studied using 14 models with different reinforcement details on a scale of 3:4. The response parameters under study included moment-rotation, secant stiffness, energy dissipation, strain of bar, and moment-curvature of the connection. The connections were simulated using LS-DYNA environment. The models with longitudinal SMA-based bars, as the main bars, could eliminate residual plastic rotations and thus reduce the demand for post-earthquake structural repairs. The flag-shaped stress-strain curve of SMA-based materials resulted in a very slight residual drift in such connections.