• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.227-230
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• 2002

In this paper we concentrate on overall direction of the gaze based on a head pose for human computer interaction. To decide a gaze direction of user in a image, it is important to pick up facial feature exactly. For this, we binarize the input image and search two eyes and the mouth through the similarity of each block ( aspect ratio, size, and average gray value ) and geometric information of face at the binarized image. We create a imaginary plane on the line made by features of the real face and the pin hole of the camera to decide the head orientation. We call it the virtual facial plane. The position of a virtual facial plane is estimated through projected facial feature on the image plane. We find a gaze direction using the surface normal vector of the virtual facial plane. This study using popular PC camera will contribute practical usage of gaze tracking technology.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2012년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.881-886
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• 2012

The paper is facial expression recognition based on the inclined face geometrical information. In facial expression recognition, mouth has a key role in expressing emotions, in this paper the features is mainly based on the shapes of mouth, followed by eyes and eyebrows. This paper makes its efforts to disperse every feature values via the weighting function and proposes method of expression classification with excellent classification effects; the final recognition model has been constructed.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권6C호
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• pp.815-823
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• 2004

색상(hue) 기반 주목연산자와 조합누적투영함수(combinational integral projection function: CIPF)를 제안하여 조명변화에 강건하게 정규화된 얼굴요소영역을 추출하였다. 살색 필터를 도입하여 얼굴후보영역들을 추출하고, 거기에 색상과 대칭성에 기반한 주목연산자를 적용하여 조명변화에 강건하게 두 눈의 위치를 정확히 검출할 수 있도록 하였으며, 색상기반 눈 분산 필터로 눈을 검증하여 얼굴영역을 확인하였다. 또한, 색상과 밝기 성분을 조합한 조합누적투영함수를 사용하여 두 눈의 위치를 기준으로 조명변화나 수염의 존재유무에 둔감하게 눈썹 및 입의 수직위치를 구하고, 이를 바탕으로 정규화된 얼굴영역 및 그 요소영역을 추출하였다. AR 얼굴 데이터베이스［8］에 제안한 색상기반 주목연산자를 적용한 결과 기존 명도기반 주목연산자에 비해 약 39.3%의 눈 검출 성능향상을 보임으로써 조명방향 변화에 강건하게 정규화된 얼굴 및 그 요소영역을 일관성 있게 추출할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2001

In this paper, we proposed a method for extracting facial characteristics of human being in an image. Given a pair of gray level sample images taken with and without human being, the face of human being is segmented from the image. Noise in the input images is removed with the help of Gaussian filters. Edge maps are found of the two input images. The binary edge differential image is obtained from the difference of the two input edge maps. A mask for face detection is made from the process of erosion followed by dilation on the resulting binary edge differential image. This mask is used to extract the human being from the two input image sequences. Features of face are extracted from the segmented image. An effective recognition system using the discrete wave let transform (DWT) is used for recognition. For extracting the facial features, such as eyebrows, eyes, nose and mouth, edge detector is applied on the segmented face image. The area of eye and the center of face are found from horizontal and vertical components of the edge map of the segmented image. other facial features are obtained from edge information of the image. The characteristic vectors are extrated from DWT of the segmented face image. These characteristic vectors are normalized between +1 and -1, and are used as input vectors for the neural network. Simulation results show recognition rate of 100% on the learned system, and about 92% on the test images.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2003

With the occurrence of interest in image-presentation that helps express one's individuality in several place in our society, it has affected make-up field. Now, make-up is getting to be recognized as a key role player that reflects our social and cultural concerns not only by presenting a appropriate one that is proper when to use and what for, but also presenting individualistic images that are able to express one's attractiveness free from a last plain concept that meant merely applying cosmetics to one's face is makeup. Like above, the reason that a change for consciousness of the function of make-up was possible is a noticeable outcome that results from the difference before and after make-up. In other word, with the help of Corrective Make-up that makes use of optical illusion, the analytic research for features could have been carried out systematically, therefore, women get to present their beauty of innate facial shape and features at their pleasure. The basic principles of the Corrective Make-up, which was introduced to satisfy the purpose of the existing make-up take advantage of lines and colors that are part of the optical illusion. The nature of direction and movement was expressed by the direction and angle of lines and the colors are also able to induce the variation of images depend on the whole color around them or contrastive color around. This thesis is mainly about optical illusion through lines that are part of elements that induce the optical illusion and deals with phenomena that occur when we apply lines that are part of design into the make-up. And this is written for the purpose of establishing the last basis of make-up more scientifically and systematically through the research for the variation when we apply the nature of lines into our features and deriving facial image variation from it. This is also for study into the role of make-up as for psychological effect that is able to make facial images look different when the optical illusion with possible visual errors is applied into it. In conclusion, we can say "Make-up is optical illusion through visual elements such as lines, surfaces, books, touch and so on."

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1089-1098
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• 2009

최근에 인간컴퓨터 상호작용 분야에서 사용자의 시선 위치를 파악하여 더욱 편리한 입력 장치를 개발하고자 하는 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 기존의 대부분 연구들은 큰 모니터를 사용하는 컴퓨터 환경에서 시선 추적 시스템을 개발하였다. 최근 이동단말기의 사용 증대로 이동 중에 시선 추적에 의한 단말기 제어의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이동형 컴퓨터 (Ultra-Mobile PC) 및 컴퓨터 내장 카메라를 이용하여 사용자의 얼굴을 추적하고, 얼굴내의 특징점의 위치를 능동외관모델 (Active Appearance Model)을 기반으로 추적하는 연구를 수행하였다. 본 논문의 독창성은 기존 연구와는 달리 소형 화면을 가지는 이동 단말기에서 사용자의 시선 위치를 추적할 수 있는 방법을 제안한 점과 정밀한 얼굴 특징점 검출을 위하여 능동외관모델을 사용한 점이다. 또한 사용자의 초기 캘리브레이션시 얻어진 특징값을 기반으로, 입력 특징값들을 정규화 함으로써, Z거리에 따라 시선 위치 정확도가 영향을 받지 않는다는 점이다. 실험결과, 약 1.77도의 시선 오차를 발생하였으나, 추가적인 얼굴 움직임에 의한 마우스 움직임 기능으로 이러한 시선 오차는 더욱 줄일 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 감성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.245-256
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 대학생을 대상으로 자폐적 성향과 공감하기 및 체계화하기능력간의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 1에서는 대학생 355명을 대상으로 자폐스펙트럼(AQ) 척도, 공감하기(EQ) 척도, 체계화하기(SQ-R) 척도를 실시하였다. 그 결과 AQ 점수는 EQ 점수, D 점수(각 개인의 공감하기 수준과 체계화하기 수준의 상대적 차이)와는 부적상관을 보였으나, SQ-R 점수와는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이 결과는 자폐성향이 강할수록 공감하기 능력은 떨어지나, 체계화하기 능력과는 관계가 없음을 보여준다. 연구 2에서는 연구 1의 실험참가자의 AQ 점수에 근거하여 자폐적 성향이 높은 집단과 그렇지 않은 집단을 분류한 후 자폐적성향(유, 무), 얼굴제시영역(얼굴전체, 눈, 입), 정서유형(기본, 복합)에 따라 얼굴표정읽기 능력이 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 자폐적 성향이 없는 집단에 비해 자폐적 성향이 높은 집단이, 기본정서보다는 복합정서에서 과제 정확률이 더 떨어졌고 얼굴전체 영역 눈 영역, 입 영역 순으로 과제 수행이 낮았는데, 특히 눈 조건에서 자폐적 성향이 높은 집단이 그렇지 않은 집단에 비해 정서읽기능력이 떨어지는 결과를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 공감능력 얼굴표정읽기능력이 자폐적 성향과 관계가 있음을 시사한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2021

Background The Sunnybrook facial grading scale is a comprehensive scale for the evaluation of facial paralysis patients. Its results greatly depend on subjective input. This study aimed to develop and validate an automated Sunnybrook facial grading scale (SBface) to more objectively assess disfigurement due to facial paralysis. Methods An application compatible with iOS version 11.0 and up was developed. The software automatically detected facial features in standardized photographs and generated scores following the Sunnybrook facial grading scale. Photographic data from 30 unilateral facial paralysis patients were randomly sampled for validation. Intrarater reliability was tested by conducting two identical tests at a 2-week interval. Interrater reliability was tested between the software and three facial nerve clinicians. Results A beta version of the SBface application was tested. Intrarater reliability showed excellent congruence between the two tests. Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the software and an otolaryngologist, including the total scores of the three individual software domains and composite scores. However, 74.4% (29/39) of the subdomain items showed low to zero correlation with the human raters (κ<0.2). The correlations between the human raters showed good congruence for most of the total and composite scores, with 10.3% (4/39) of the subdomain items failing to correspond (κ<0.2). Conclusions The SBface application is efficient and accurate for evaluating the degree of facial paralysis based on the Sunnybrook facial grading scale. However, correlations of the software-derived results with those of human raters are limited by the software algorithm and the raters' inconsistency.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1585-1597
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• 2004

Facial palsy is a common disease in clinic, which can be classified into central and peripheral according to the causes. The central facial palsy is caused by cerebral vascular accident, brain tumor, etc. The peripheral facial palsy comes from cold stimulus on face, regional infection of virus, suppurative tympanitis, inflammation on mastoid process, pathological teeth, trauma like cranial fracture, and so forth, They have distinctive features in diagnosis. While the central facial palsy is followed by hemiplegia and articulation disorder, the peripheral one by the disappearance of wrinkles on the forehead and rising of eyeball on paralyzed side when closing the eyes. Most of the cases in this thesis are peripheral palsy. The social classes and ages of the patients are so various that the treatments must be applied from various standpoints. The statistical data shows that the functional weakness of the whole body is the fundamental condition of the facial palsy. Therefore it is very important to find and the exact pathology and treatment appropriate for Hyungsang of the patients.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.826-833
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• 2020

When it is necessary to wear masks for long periods, such as during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the essential function of masks to prevent contamination (or transmission to others) as well as comfortableness are important. For this study, we used three-dimensional (3D) facial measurements of adult women to compile basic face shape data for designing comfortable and effective masks. This study analyzed the 3D facial data of 127 subjects in their 20s to 30s of the 6th Size Korea. Factor analysis of the survey data produced seven factors that formed the composition of adult female faces. These factors combined to produce three facial types: square (long face and a large lower middle face), oval (smallest central and lower body in the middle), and triangle (short face with a small central and lower large nose). These types reflect that the facial types of adult women show the differences in the nose angle, nose length, bitragion-subnasal arc, bitragion-menton arc. Therefore, properly fitting masks for fine dust particle filtration require 3D customization of a mask's breathing apparatus to fit differently shaped central and lower face parts that interfere with mask fit.