• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.1513-1517
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• 2005

In this paper, I make use of a Multi-Channel skin color model with Hue, Cb, Cg using Red, Blue, Green channel altogether which remove bight component as being consider the characteristics of skin color to do modeling more effective to a facial skin color for extracting a facial area. 1 used efficient HOLA(Higher order local autocorrelation function) using 26 feature vectors to obtain both feature vectors of a facial area and the edge image extraction using Harr wavelet in image which split a facial area. Calculated feature vectors are used of date for the facial recognition through learning of neural network It demonstrate improvement in both the recognition rate and speed by proposed algorithm through simulation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2020

Background: Protection from yellow dust and particulate matter is ensured by the use of respirators among the Korean citizens and workers. However, the manikins used to test the performance of the same were manufactured considering western facial specifications owing to which they do not represent Korean facial characteristics. Methods: Analysis of the data from the 6th 3D anthropometric survey of Koreans (Size Korea; 2010-2013) of 4,583 people aged 7 to 69 years was performed to obtain their facial dimensions. We subsequently clustered 44 facial measurements using Design X software, followed by the creation of the cluster centroid. Results: Three 3D head forms were developed-small, medium, and large, and their images were stored in ".stl" format for 3D printing. The facial widths and lengths of the three head forms were 127.1 mm × 90.6 mm, 143.2 mm × 104.0 mm, and 149.1 mm × 120.2 mm, respectively. Conclusion: We developed manikin head forms according to the facial dimensions of the Korean population, which was essential in evaluating respiratory protective equipment. These head forms can be used to test the performance of respirators considering the facial dimensions of the Korean population.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2012

Purpose: The golden ratio has been used for a long time to objectify and quantify 'beauty'. Dr. Marqurardt claims that the golden ratio can be applied in the maxillofacial field as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of using a facial 'phi' mask for analyzing Korean faces with characteristics of Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Methods: We studied twenty five Korean celebrities' frontal facial photos (10 males, 15 females) and 90 malocclusion patients' frontal facial photos (30 patients in each malocclusion classification: Class I, Class II, and Class III). Patients who received orthodontic treatment at Samsung Medical Center were selected for this study. After superimposition of the selected facial photo and facial 'phi' mask using Adobe Photoshop CS3, the ratio of the entire facial area, mid facial area, lower facial area and horizontal and vertical lengths were measured. Results: The facial ratio in photos of Korean faces showed larger vertical and horizontal ratios than the facial 'phi' mask with golden ratio, regardless of skeletal malocclusion (entire face: 115%, lower face: 125% larger than the mask). The results of the frontal photos of Class I, II, and III malocclusion patients using facial 'phi' mask showed that the vertical length and frontal face area was more significantly influenced by the area of the lower face than the midface. This means that the lower face has larger proportions in the facial areas. Conclusion: The ratio of facial 'phi' mask is matched with the ideal facial appearance that the contemporary Korean general public is seeking. Thus, the facial 'phi' mask may be a convenient tool for esthetic analysis of Korean faces. Reducing the area of the lower face is esthetically more desirable for almost all Korean people when planning orthognathic surgery.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2015

Background: The incidence and etiology of facial bone fracture differ widely according to time and geographic setting. Because of this, prevention and management of facial bone fracture requires ongoing research. This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of facial bone fractures in patients who had been admitted for facial bone fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for all patients admitted for facial bone fracture at the National Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2010 to 2014. We sought correlations amongst age, gender, fracture type, injury mechanism, alcohol consumption, and type of medical insurance. Results: Out of the 303 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 214 (70.6%) patients were enrolled in National Health Insurance (NHI), 46 (15.2%) patients had Medical Aid, and 43 (14.2%) patients were homeless. The main causes of facial bone fractures were accidental trauma (51.4%), physical altercation (23.1%), and traffic accident (14.2%). On Pearson's chi-square test, alcohol consumption was correlated significantly with accidental trauma (p<0.05). And, the ratio of alcohol consumption leading to facial bone fractures differed significantly in the homeless group compared to the NHI group and the Medical Aid group (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found a significant inverse correlation between economic status and the incidence of facial bone fractures caused by alcohol consumption. Our findings indicate that more elaborate guidelines and prevention programs are needed for socioeconomically marginalized populations.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2006

Purpose: There are two theories about the relationships between facial fractures and cranial injuries. One is that facial bones act as a protective cushion for the brain, and the other is that facial fractures are the marker for increased risk of cranial injury. They have been debated on for many years. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between facial fractures and cranial injuries. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 242 patients with facial fractures. The data were analyzed based on the medical records of the patients: age, gender, cause of injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), alcohol intake, type of facial fractures, and type of cranial injury. The patients were divided into two groups: facial fractures with cranial injury and facial fractures without cranial injury. We compared the general characteristics between the two groups and evaluated the relationship between each type of facial fracture and each type of cranial injury. Results: Among the 242 patients with facial bone fractures, 96 (39.7%) patients had a combination of facial fractures and cranial injuries. Gender predilection was demonstrated to favor males: the ratio was 3:1. The mean age was $36.51{\pm}19.63$. As to the injury mechanism, traffic accidents (in car, out of car, motorcycle) were statistically significant in the group of facial fractures with cranial injury (p=0.038, p=0.000, p=0.003). The ISS was significant, but alcohol intake was not significant. No significant relationship between facial fractures and skull fractures was found. Only maxilla fractures, zygoma fractures, and cerebral concussion had a significant difference in cranial injury (p=0.039, p=0.025). Conclusion: There is a no correlation between facial fractures and skull fractures, which suggests that the cushion effect is the predominent relationship between facial fractures and cranial injuries.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.238-247
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare recycled and unused orthodontic miniscrews to determine the feasibility of reuse. The comparisons included both miniscrews with machined surfaces (MS), and those with etched surfaces (ES). Methods: Retrieved MS and ES were further divided into three subgroups according to the assigned recycling procedure: group A, air-water spray; group B, mechanical cleaning; and group C, mechanical and chemical cleaning. Unused screws were used as controls. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, insertion time and maximum insertion torque measurements in artificial bone, and biological responses in the form of periotest values (PTV), bone-implant contact ratio (BIC), and bone volume ratio (BV) were assessed. Results: Morphological changes after recycling mainly occurred at the screw tip, and the cortical bone penetration success rate of recycled screws was lower than that of unused screws. Retrieved ES needed more thorough cleaning than retrieved MS to produce a surface composition similar to that of unused screws. There were no significant differences in PTV or BIC between recycled and unused screws, while the BV of the former was significantly lower than that of the latter (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that reuse of recycled orthodontic miniscrews may not be feasible from the biomechanical aspect.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.37-47
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• 2010

1. Objectives: We aimed to derive constitutional facial characteristics with front and side picture of the people in this study 2. Methods: Through November 2007 to July 2009, we obtained front and side face photograph data of 715 male/female constitution confirmed subjects within the age range of 10-80 from 19 oriental medical facilities in the country. According to sex, we divided the subjects into two groups, real constitution group and non-constitution group. We analyzed significant variables of distance, angle and ratio of facial point through unpaired T-test. 3. Results: There are different significant variables according to Sasang Constitution and even though they are much different between sex, the interpretation of the meaning of those variables are similar with the written characteristics of ancient Writing. The face size of the Taeeumin is bigger than that of the non-Taeeumin, and especially they have long length from mouth to mandible angle. Soeumin have small jaw area, long philtrum and narrow facial feature like egg. Soyangin has developed forehead and glabella, short jaw, long eye side. Taeyangin has developed forehead, weak nose especially side end of nose, long eye side. 4. Conclusions: Sasang Constitutional facial characteristics are different between man and woman but there are much similarity with the facts as known on the interpretation of significant variables characteristics.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-575
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in craniofacial characteristics of professional sportsmen who have practiced since their prepubertal periods. From the standardized lateral and P-A cephalograms of 137 sportsmen, 7 angular, 19 linear, 4 ratio, and 2 index measurements were measured and evaluated by means of statistical methods. The samples were divided into three groups: Group 1; ice hockey(n=17), foot-ball(n=27), basketball(n=16) Group 2; baseball(n=16), gymnastics(n=13), and Group 3; judo(n=18), ssireum(n=10), weight lift(n=20). The results were as follows: It seemed obvious that the cephalic indices of the 3 groups exhibited brachycephalic headform (Group 1; $0.85{\pm}0.04$, Group 2; $0.84{\pm}0.04$, Group 3; $0.83{\pm}0.06$) and there was no statistical difference among the groups (p>0.05). The facial indices of the Group 1 ($0.93{\pm}0.05$) and Group 2 ($0.93{\pm}0.04$) exhibited definite leptoprosopic facial forms while the Group 3 ($0.90{\pm}0.04$) showed more or less euryprosopic facial form, and there appeared significant difference between the Group 1 and 3 (p<0.05), and also between the Group 2 and 3 (p<0.05). There appeared strong relationships between the facial indices and the facial axis angle, mandibular plane angle, total craniofacial height, total facial height, upper anterior dental height, lower anterior dental height, mandibular length, lower anterior facial height ratio, and especially with lower anterior facial height (p<0.001). It seemed that most of the vertical facial measurements of the Group 1 and 2 appeared to be larger than those of the Group 3.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.51-61
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• 2007

1. Objectives The Face is an important standard for the classification of Sasang Constitutions. We are developing 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) to analyse the facial characteristics. This apparatus show us 3D image and data of man's face and measure facial figure data. So We should examine the Measurement of Facial Figure data error of 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) in Software Error Analysis. 2. Methods We scanned face status by using 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA). And we measured lengths Between Facial Definition Parameters of facial figure data by Facial Measurement program. 2.1 Repeatability test We measured lengths Between Facial Definition Parameters of facial figure data restored by 3D-AFRA by Facial Measurement program 10 times. Then we compared 10 results each other for repeatability test. 2.2 Measurement error test We measured lengths Between Facial Definition Parameters of facial figure data by two different measurement program that are Facial Measurement program and Rapidform2006. At measuring lengths Between Facial Definition Parameters, we uses two measurement way. The one is straight line measurement, the other is curved line measurement. Then we compared results measured by Facial Measurement program with results measured by Rapidform2006. 3. Results and Conclusions In repeatability test, standard deviation of results is 0.084-0.450mm. And in straight line measurement error test, the average error 0.0582mm, and the maximum error was 0.28mm. In curved line measurement error test, the average error 0.413mm, and the maximum error was 1.53mm. In conclusion, we assessed that the accuracy and repeatability of Facial Measurement program is considerably good. From now on we complement accuracy of 3D-AFRA in Hardware and Software.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.86-95
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• 2009

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the difference of external appearance measurements in subjects of different regional lineages as subgroups within the Tae-eumin Sasang grouping. Methods: We chose 51 Tae-eumin subjects diagnosed by Korean Sasang constitutional medical doctors aided by voice analysis. The subjects were divided into two groups, the northern and southern lineages, by an expert on facial characteristics of the two lineages. We took pictures of their frontal and lateral views by Martin's method, measured projected length of face with the Facial Feature Measurement Program, and analyzed anthropometric facial differences between the northern and southern types. Results: Results show differences between the northern and southern types. First, the northern type of face has bigger measurements than the southern type on the frontal face. Second, the northern type of face has higher measurements of "height", which means distance from pupil to a specific measurement point, than the southern type on the frontal face. Third, on the frontal face, the northern and southern types have differences with respect to eyebrow, point of sellion, and eye. Fourth, on the side face, the northern and southern types have differences in lip, mandible and ear. Conclusions: We found our anthropometric facial measurements of the northern and southern lineages to be in accordance with previous literature. Knowledge of the differences between the northern and southern lineages can be a hint in constitutional diagnosis when differentiation is clinically confusing.