• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.108-118
• /
• 2013

This study has analyzed the process of space information perceived and recognized through the estimation of observation frequency and number according to the time range of observation data acquired from observation experiment with the object of hospital lobby. The followings are the results analyzed at this study. First, the continual observation of 3 and 6 times was attentive and conscious for probing to find an object rather than for acquiring exact information and that of 9 times could be regarded as the time for acquiring visual appreciation. However, the repetitive occurrence of high and low frequencies can be thought of repetitive acts for visual appreciation. Second, the continual observation of 3 and 6 times had the highest observation frequency of II, while that of 9 times had the highest observation frequency of III. In case of 3 and 6 times, the observation frequency had the tendency to become a little higher after being low since V, and in case of 9 times it had the repetition of becoming low and high and from IX it characteristically got higher. This feature can be thought to be the process that the subject repeats the fixation and movement of observation at a visual activity for perception and recognition. In the process of first observation, the observation frequency was the highest after 20 seconds or so, but since then, it gets lower and repeatedly gets higher and lower as time passes. After 90 seconds, the frequency showed the tendency of getting higher continuously. Third, the examination of changing features of frequency may show the characteristics of exploration for and attention to space but if the observation frequency is not associated with observation times for analysis there will a limitation that the features of observation frequency cannot be clarified. Accordingly, the simultaneous analysis of both is very effective for estimating the observation characteristics seen at the processes of perception and recognition. Fourth, the general analysis of the both revealed: with the progress of observation time the discontinuous space exploration decreased, and as the observation time got longer the fixed attention to a specific spot increased. Fifth, in order to estimate the observation characteristics by the change of time range the observation frequency and times by trend line was analyzed, which approach seems to be an appropriate technique that can comprehensively show the overall flow of time series data.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.71-76
• /
• 2008

Introduction: In this study, we compared sleep structure, EEG characteristic of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and normal controls which were matched in sex and age. Methods: Fifteen children (male：female=4：11) who complained snoring and were suspected to have sleep apnea and their age and sex matched normal controls (male：female=5：10) have been done nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). Sleep parameters, sleep apnea variables and relative spectral components of EEG from NPSG have been compared between both groups. Results: Pediatric OSA group were distinguished from normal controls in terms of apnea index, respiratory disturbance index and nadir of oxyhemoglobulin desaturation. Pediatric OSA group showed increased percent of sleep stage 1, decreased rapid eye movement sleep percent and increased delta power in O1 EEG channel. However other sleep parameters and spectral powers were not different between two groups. Conclusion: In pediatric OSA group, sleep structure parameter disruption may be not prominent as the previous studies for adult OSA group because of including mild OSA data in diagnostic criteria. In addition, EEG changes might not be distinct due to low arousal index compared to adult OSA patients. We can observe general characteristics and particularity of pediatric OSA through this study.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 1992

Three-dimensional dose calculations based on CT images are fundamental to stereotactic radiosurgery for small intracranial tumor. In our stereotactic radiosurgery program, irradiations have been performed using the 6 MV photon beam of linear accelerator after stereotactic CT investigations of the target center through the beam's-eye view and the coordinates of BRW frame converted to that of radiosurgery. Also we can describe the tumor diameter and the shape in three dimensional configuration. Non-coplanar irradiation technique was developed that it consists of a combination of a moving field with a gantry angle of $140^{\circ}$, and a horizontal couch angle of $200^{\circ}C$ around the isocenter. In this radiosurgery technique, we provide the patient head setup in the base-ring holder and rotate around body axis. The total gantry moving range shows angle of 2520 degrees via two different types of gantry movement in a plane perpendicular to the axis of patient. The 3-D isodose curves overlapped to the tumor contours in screen and analytic dose profiles in calculation area were provided to calculate the thickness of $80\%$ of tumor center dose to $20\%$ of that. Furtheremore we provided the 3-D dose profiles in entire calculation plane. In this experiments, measured isodose curves in phantom irradiation have shown very similiar to that of computer generations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.11
• /
• pp.130-135
• /
• 2019

This study performed the quality improvement of a red dot sight for a 40 mm grenade launcher through parallax reduction. The red dot sight cited in this study is currently in mass production for military use as a non-weapon system. While the red dot sight's parallax currently meets requirements, slightly greater error was observed on the outside of effective optical area of the reflection lens compared to other sights. Parallax is easily affected by eye movement, which can result in aiming error. To improve the red dot sight's quality, this study analyzed why parallax is observed in the effective optical area of the reflection lens and how to reduce it. As a result, the red dot sight demonstrated lower parallax error using the new optical system design with an increased reflection lens thickness and modified components configuration related to the reflection lens assembly. Parallax was calculated and simulated by using a particular program to verify that it decreased. This improvement for the 40 mm. grenade launcher red dot sight more than satisfies requirements, offers advanced capabilities for users, and as a result, successful operation carryout.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.13-32
• /
• 2014

Objectives : Until now the study of Cnidii Rhizoma, hemorrhage, brain waves, such as ischemic brain injury, analgesic, effect overcome of the stress from pregnancy melanin formation and inhibiting effects skin whitening have been published regarding this article. Cnidii Rhizoma demonstrates its different abilities depending on the characteristics. This paper reported that effect of Cnidii Rhizoma in Dongeuibogam blended prescriptions as main medicine. In addition, by analyzing data, we studied about utilizing of Cnidii Rhizoma. Methods : Cnidii Rhizoma in Dongeuibogam Prescriptions as the main ingredient was built with database of 202 prescriptions. Thus analyzed data was summarized in detail.(Table-1) If there is no difference in the title of the prescription but in other case the configuration information is different, formulations 1 and 2 were divided by the table. Results : The following results were reached through investigations on the prescriptions usikng Cnidii Rhizoma as a key component. 1. Prescriptions taking Cnidii Rhizoma as a monarch drug are utilized for 40 therapeutic purposes. In particular, 12.3% of prescriptions appear in the chapter of head, and 10.8% of those appear in the chapter of women, and 9.4% of eye, 8.9% of child, 6.4% of wind disease respectively. 2. Prescriptions utilizing Cnidii Rhizoma as the main ingredient are used in the treatment of headache, dizziness and pregnancy hemorrhage fetal movement, premature birth and they are also used for treating 131 different types of disease. 3. The dosage of Cnidii Rhizoma in formulas is from 2pun(about 0.75g) to 5don(nearly 18.75g), however 1don(nearly 3.75g) has been taken the most for clinical application. 4. We find out that according to herbs or prescriptions, Cnidii Rhizoma has a variety of functions such as ascending & descending of energy. Samultang is the most useful base prescription which used the Cnidii Rhizoma as the main component. Conclusion : These results suggest that, Cnidii Rhizoma once-amount use (don nearly 3.75g) 4g in head, gynecology, ophthalmology, pediatrics and paralysis disease associated with oriental medicine resource development can be considered to be widely used These results suggest that Cnidii Rhizoma was used most with 1 don(4g) and can be widely used for the resource development to the disease such as brain, gynecology, ophthalmologhy, pediatrics and wind-associated symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.85-97
• /
• 2001

A mathematical model was proposed to analyze the damped motion of contact lens which is initially displaced from the equilibrium position. The model incorporates the differential equations and their numerical solution program, based on the formulations of restoring force arising from the capillary action in the tear-film layer between the lens and cornea. The model predicts the capillary action induced surface tension, time dependence of displacement of lens when it is released from the equilibrium position. It seems that the motion of lens is similar to the typical over-damped oscillation caused by the large viscous friction in the liquid layer between the cornea and lens. The effect of variables such as base curves, lens diameters and thickness of tear film layer were illustrated by the computer simulation of the derived program. The time required for the lens to return to the original position increases as the liquid layer thickness increases and it decreases as the diameter of lens increases. With the certain value of base curve the time interval is found to be minimum. The free vibrations of lenses were also simulated varying the parameters such as base curve, diameter, layer thickness. The resonant frequencies are inversely proportional to the liquid layer thickness and it increases as the lens diameter increases. The resonant frequency of lens has a maximum when the diameter is of certain value. If the external impulse or force of the same frequency as the natural frequency of contact lens acted on the cornea in vivo it may cause an excessive movement and thus it might cause the distortion 10 the lens or be pulled off the eye.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.25-54
• /
• 2020

While there is no evidence for parafoveal processing in alphabetic languages such as English and Finnish, there is some evidence that morphological information is processed in syllabic languages like Chinese. Korean writing system, Hangul, would be able to provide morphological preview benefit effects since it is an "alphabetic syllabary" which contains both alphabetic and syllabic features. This study explored morphological parafoveal preview benefit effects during reading Korean using irregular verbs, which have phonological and orthographical differences between fundamental and conjugated forms. In the Experiment, the target word was irregular conjugated form, and there were four preview conditions: identical (e.g. 구워), fundamental form (e.g. 굽다), orthographically related (e.g. 굼다), and unrelated control (e.g. 죨어). In the result of study, identical was shortest and morphological, orthographical, unrelated preview were followed. Moreover, measures of first-pass reading of morphological preview were significantly shorter than those of unrelated control preview. This results support the hypothesis of morphological preview benefit effects in Korean. The implications of the results are discussed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.233-240
• /
• 2018

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the EMDR-IGPT(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-integrative group treatment protocol) on the depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress, self-esteem in graduate nursing students. A quasi-experimental study employing a nonequivalent control group and pre-post design was conducted. The participants were graduate nursing students from C university (Experimental group=22, Control group=28). The experimental group participated in the 8 session-EMDR-IGPT for 8 weeks, while control group were treated by waitlist. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2-test$, independent t-test, with SPSS 24.0 program. There were significant differences in anxiety(t=-2.50, p<.05) and self-esteem(t=20.78, p<.01) of participants between experimental group and control group after completion of 8 session-EMDR-IGPT. The results indicate that EMDR-IGPT can be used to improve anxiety and self-esteem of graduate nursing students. Furthermore, further study needs to identify the mechanism of the effects of the program.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.107-118
• /
• 2007

Background : It is well known that non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep activates the occurrence of interictal epileptiform discharges(IED) in many epileptic syndromes. We performed this study to assess the effect of NREM sleep on IED in epileptic patients with organic brain lesions. Materials and Methods : We analyzed awake and sleep electroencephalopathy(EEG) recorded simultaneously after partial sleep deprivation in 50 patients. We calculated the awake and sleep spike index (ASI and SSI, spikes/epoch), and the percentage increase of ASI and SSI during sleep. Results : In the 50 patients, the IEDs were recorded exclusively during the awake state in 1 (2%) patient, and during the sleep state in 13(26%) patients. The SSI was higher in 44 (88%) patients, and the ASI was higher in 5 (10%) patients. The mean ASI and the SSI in patients with organic brain lesions were $0.058{\pm}0.121$ and $0.148{\pm}0.187$, and it was $0.081{\pm}0.150$ and $0.174{\pm}0.226$ in patients without organic brain lesions. There were significant increases in the spike index (P<0.05) during NREM sleep in both groups (n=36), but no significant difference in the percent increase of spike index (P>0.05). Conclusion : The IEDs were activated significantly during NREM sleep both in patients with and without organic brain lesions, but there were no differences in the degree of activation in both groups. The activating effect of NREM sleep was not correlated with clinical factors such as, frequent nocturnal seizures, frequent generalized tonic clonic seizures, type of epilepsy and taking anticonvulsants. We conclude that the routine EEG used to evaluate epileptiform discharges in epileptic patients should include sleep recordings after partial sleep deprivation.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2020

PM2.5 which is a very tiny air particulate matter even smaller than PM10 has been issued in the environmental problem. Since PM2.5 can cause eye diseases or respiratory problems and infiltrate even deep blood vessels in the brain, it is important to predict PM2.5. However, it is difficult to predict PM2.5 because there is no clear explanation yet regarding the creation and the movement of PM2.5. Thus, prediction methods which not only predict PM2.5 accurately but also have the interpretability of the result are needed. To predict hourly PM2.5 of Seoul city, we propose a method using random forest with the adjusted bootstrap number from the time series ground data preprocessed on different sources. With this method, the prediction model can be trained uniformly on hourly information and the result has the interpretability. To evaluate the prediction performance, we conducted comparative experiments. As a result, the performance of the proposed method was superior against other models in all labels. Also, the proposed method showed the importance of the variables regarding the creation of PM2.5 and the effect of China.