• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.533-537
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• 2004

고도 정보사회의 진전에 있어 정보의 수집, 정보의 전달 등을 위해, 여러 IT기기가 사용 되어지고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 IT기기를 장애자나 고령자를 포함, 누구나가 쉽게 이용 할 수 있도록 하는 유니버설디자인은 매우 중요한 일이다. 특히 상체부자유자의 인터페이스 장치로서 시선입력장치가 주목 받고 있다. 이러한 시대적인 흐름에서 본 연구에서는 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 시선입력만으로 컴퓨터상에서 한글입력이 가능한 한글 입력 시스템을 개발 제안한다. 또한 본 연구의 목적으로는 기존의 키보드, 마우스에 의한 입력장치와 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 입력 장치와의 정점과 단점을 비교 분석하고, 정보 사회에 있어서의 장애자와 고령자들의 Barrier Free에 관한 연구를 기본 목적으로 하고 있다 본 연구의 Eye-gaze Interface는 Eye Tech Digital System회사의 Quick Glance System를 사용한다 장애자와 고령자를 대상으로 한 사용자 평가 실험에 의해 실험을 진행 하였으며, 한글의 음운규칙에 관한 연구를 기초로 한글뿐만 아니라 영어, 일본어가 입력 가능한 입력 시스템을 제안한다. 이것은 컴퓨터 조작이 곤란한 장애자와 고령자가 일반인과의 자연스러운 커뮤니케이션이 가능하도록 한 것이다. 향후 Eye-gaze Interface를 이용한 응용분야 또한 게임, 영상, Eye Book, 자동차운전 둥 다양한 분야에 적용 가능하리라 기대된다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.575-580
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• 2010

Eye gaze as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to use usual interaction devices such as keyboard and the mouse; however, with the increasing accuracy in eye gaze detection with decreasing cost of development, it tends to be a practical interaction method for able-bodied users in soon future as well. This paper explores a low-cost, robust, rotation and illumination independent eye gaze system for gaze enhanced user interfaces. We introduce two brand-new algorithms for fast and sub-pixel precise pupil center detection and 2D Eye Gaze estimation by means of deformable template matching methodology. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the deformable angular integral search algorithm based on minimum intensity value to localize eyeball (iris outer boundary) in gray scale eye region images. Basically, it finds the center of the pupil in order to use it in our second proposed algorithm which is about 2D eye gaze tracking. First, we detect the eye regions by means of Intel OpenCV AdaBoost Haar cascade classifiers and assign the approximate size of eyeball depending on the eye region size. Secondly, using DAISMI (Deformable Angular Integral Search by Minimum Intensity) algorithm, pupil center is detected. Then, by using the percentage of black pixels over eyeball circle area, we convert the image into binary (Black and white color) for being used in the next part: DTBGE (Deformable Template based 2D Gaze Estimation) algorithm. Finally, using DTBGE algorithm, initial pupil center coordinates are assigned and DTBGE creates new pupil center coordinates and estimates the final gaze directions and eyeball size. We have performed extensive experiments and achieved very encouraging results. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of the proposed method through several experimental results.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1443-1451
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate the gaze patterns of two expert and two novice teachers in one hour of lecture type class. Teachers recruited from the same middle school conducted the class each, wearing an eye-tracker. Gaze rate and gaze movement pattern were analyzed. The scene where teachers faced in the classroom was categorized into three zones; student zone, material zone, and non-teaching zone. Student zone was divided into nine areas of interest to see the gaze distribution within the student zone. Expert teachers showed focused gaze on student zone while novice teachers' gaze rate was significantly higher at the non-teaching zone, compared to expert teachers' one. Within student zone, expert teachers' gaze spread to the rear areas, but novice teachers' one was narrowly resided in the middle areas of the student zone. This difference in gaze caused different eye movement pattern: experts' T pattern and novices' I pattern. On the other hand, both teacher groups showed the least gaze rate onto the left and right front areas. Which change is required to teachers' gaze behavior and what must be considered in order to make effective teacher gaze in the classroom setting were discussed.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2004

New developments in IT already impact wide segments of a young and mobile population. It is evident that applications of information technology can be of equal benefit to the aged and the disabled. `Eye-Gaze'(EGI) technology was designed for people with paralysis in the upper body. There is a compeling need for a dedicated Korean Language interface for this system. The purpose of this study is to research 'Barrier Free' software using a control group of the mobility impaired to assess the Eye-Gaze Interface in the context of more conventional input methods. TheEGI of this study uses Quick Glance System of Eye Tech Digital Systems. The study will be evaluated on criteria based upon the needs of those with specific disabilities and mobility problems associated with aging. We also intend to explore applications of the Eye-Gaze Interface for English and Japanese devises, based upon our study using the Hangul phonology.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.234-239
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• 2004

This paper describes preliminary results we have obtained in developing a computer vision system based on active IR illumination for real time gaze tracking for interactive graphic display. Unlike most of the existing gaze tracking techniques, which often require assuming a static head to work well and require a cumbersome calibration process fur each person, our gaze tracker can perform robust and accurate gaze estimation without calibration and under rather significant head movement. This is made possible by a new gaze calibration procedure that identifies the mapping from pupil parameters to screen coordinates using the Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN). With GRNN, the mapping does not have to be an analytical function and head movement is explicitly accounted for by the gaze mapping function. Furthermore, the mapping function can generalize to other individuals not used in the training. The effectiveness of our gaze tracker is demonstrated by preliminary experiments that involve gaze-contingent interactive graphic display.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.3-11
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• 2008

'The eye' and 'the gaze' organize the visual system and distinguish the subject from the others. Recent philosophical thoughts have forcefully argued against the tradition characterized by the domination of the eye that assimilates the alterity of the others to one's own, cancels their alterity, and totalizes their differences within himself. In the speculative discourse modeled on the eye, the alienation of self in its other and the reflection of the object are linked together in such a way as to form a totality in which they are reflected into one's another, leaving absolutely no remainder outside. By contrast to this totalizing tendency of the eye, Sartre and Lacan propose the gaze that becomes constitutive of vision. The modern architecture reinforced subject's eye and clearly separated the others from subject Through Descartes's visual paradigm, space became homogeneous and nature was seized by architecture. However, recently the clear boundary between subject and object is disappearing. Lacan insisted that oneself's eye and the other's gaze are mixed up in human sight This means that the boundary between the subject and the other is indistinct and also the boundary between an object and landscape is meaningless in architecture. The overthrow of gaze in contemporary architecture appears in the form of trans-boundary, translucency and widen architectural notion and expression.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.748-757
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose a gaze estimation network in which eye landmark position detection and gaze direction vector estimation are integrated into one deep learning network. The proposed network uses the Stacked Hourglass Network as a backbone structure and is largely composed of three parts: a landmark detector, a feature map extractor, and a gaze direction estimator. The landmark detector estimates the coordinates of 50 eye landmarks, and the feature map extractor generates a feature map of the eye image for estimating the gaze direction. And the gaze direction estimator estimates the final gaze direction vector by combining each output result. The proposed network was trained using virtual synthetic eye images and landmark coordinate data generated through the UnityEyes dataset, and the MPIIGaze dataset consisting of real human eye images was used for performance evaluation. Through the experiment, the gaze estimation error showed a performance of 3.9, and the estimation speed of the network was 42 FPS (Frames per second).

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2015

Recently, eight out of ten people have smartphone in Korea. Also, many applications of smartphone have increased. So, smartphone addiction has become a social issue. Especially, many people in smartphone addiction can't control themselves. Sometimes they don't realize that they are smartphone addiction. Many studies, mostly surveys, have been conducted to diagnose smartphone addiction, e.g. S-measure. In this paper, we suggest how to detect smartphone addiction based on ECG and Eye Gaze. We measure the signals of ECG from the Shimmer and the signals of Eye Gaze from the smart eye when the subjects see the emotional video. In addition, we extract features from the S-transform of ECG. Using Eye Gaze signals(pupil diameter, Gaze distance, Eye blinking), we extract 12 features. The classifier is trained using Random Forest. The classifiers detect the smartphone addiction using the ECG and Eye Gaze signals. We compared the detection results with S-measure results that surveyed before test. It showed 87.89% accuracy in ECG and 60.25% accuracy in Eye Gaze.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a gaze depth estimation method based on a binocular eye tracker for virtual reality and augmented reality applications. The proposed gaze depth estimation method collects a wide range information of each eye from the eye tracker such as the pupil center, gaze direction, inter pupil distance. It then builds gaze estimation models using Multilayer perceptron which infers gaze depth with respect to the eye tracking information. Finally, we evaluated the gaze depth estimation method with 13 participants in two ways: the performance based on their individual models and the performance based on the generalized model. Through the evaluation, we found that the proposed estimation method recognized gaze depth with 90.1% accuracy for 13 individual participants and with 89.7% accuracy for including all participants.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.204-205
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• 2005