• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Purpose of the study was to establish the extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a and b in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) and Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) solvents and to find out the conditions of optimal extraction temperature and time in citrus leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chlorophyll a and b standards were dissolved in DMF and DMSO. Extinction coefficients of chlorophyll pigments were determined and their contents were quantified using spectrophotometer. Chlorophyllous pigments of citrus(Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Okitsu wase) leaves were extracted at 25, 40, 60 and $80^{\circ}C$ for 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours to determine the optimal extraction condition. CONCLUSION: The extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a(Chl a) and chlorophyll b(Chl b) of DMF extracts for high extinction wavelength were 663.8 and 647.2 nm. Similarly, the high extinction wavelength of DMSO extracts were 665.8 and 649.0 nm for chl a and b respectively. Chl a, Chl b and total chlorophyll content of DMF extracts were Chl a = $12.10A_{663.8}-2.74A_{647.2}$, Chl b = $21.94A_{647.2}-5.06A_{663.8}$ and total $Chl=19.193A_{647.2}+7.04A_{663.8}$. Similarly, Chl a, Chl b and total Chl of DMSO extracts were Chl a = $14.53A_{665.8}-5.40A_{649.0}$, Chl b = $26.98A_{649.0}-7.11A_{665.8}$ and total $Chl=21.58A_{649.0}+7.43A_{665.8}$. The chlorophyll extracts of DMF and DMSO were very stable in dark. High chlorophyll contents of citrus leaves were found at $80^{\circ}C$ extraction for 6 hours in DMF and at $80^{\circ}C$ extraction for 24 hours in DMSO. However, the chlorophyll content was decreased significantly after 8 hours in DMF extraction while it was remained up to 30 hours in DMSO extraction.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.532-536
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• 2010

A study on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and low molecular weight (LMW) amount which is contained within bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) was performed by the solvent extraction with ketone type solvents (acetone, butanone, pentanone). The LMW amount of untreated PC was 2.6 wt%, but the values of treated samples with acetone and pentanone were 0.96 and 1.53 wt%, respectively. Acetone is a more effective solvent than pentanone on the LMW extraction. Methylene chloride (MC) and toluene were certified and quantified by GC-Mass experiments, and the quantitative results indicated the fact that the pentanone was the effective solvent on VOC extraction. Focused on the change of VOCs and LMW amount, the use of co-solvent might be more useful, and the experimental results of co-solvent extraction showed that the optimum condition was 50 : 50 volume percent.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1983

The composition of four rice protein groups is greatly affected by the extraction conditions. The extraction amounts of albumins and glubulines primarily depended on the temperature rather than the method of extraction. The total amount of glutelins, the major components of rice storage proteins, could be extracted by a successive extraction processes, extraction with 0.5% SDS-0.1M borate buffer(pH 8.3) followed by extraction with 0.5% SDS-0.6% ${\beta}-mercaptoethanol-0.1M$ borate buffer(pH 8.3). The extracted amounts of glutelin with these solvents were 54.1 and 45% respectively. The further purification of SDS soluble glutelins was achieved by Sephadex G-150 gel column chromatography. The molecular weight of the components in four protein groups has been estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with or without ${\beta}-mercaptoethanol.$ The comparison of albumins and globulins by starch gel electrophoresis at pH 3.1 permitted us to identify seven rice varieties. However, at pH 8.95, the specific bands for Japonica type rice varieties were observed.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2021

In this study, we measured total flavonoids after extracting the total flavonoids from lemongrass which is known to have a high content of antioxidant ingredients when using microwave energy. Also, optimal extraction conditions of active ingredients using central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) were presented. Both ultrapure water and alcohol were used as extraction solvents and the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water, microwave irradiation time, and microwave irradiation power were set as independence variables. And the extraction yield and total flavonoids were measured. The optimal extraction conditions using CCD-RSM were the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water = 56.3 vol.%, the microwave irradiation time = 6.1 min, and the microwave irradiation power = 574.6 W. We could also obtain expected results of yield = 17.2 wt.% and total flavonoids = 44.7 ㎍ QE/mL dw under the optimum conditions. The comprehensive satisfaction degree of this formula was 0.8562. The P-value was calculated for the yield of 0.037 and the total flavonoids content of 0.002. The average error from actual experiments established for the verification of conclusions was lower than 2.5%. Therefore, a high favorable level could be obtained when the CCD-RSM was applied to the optimization of extraction process.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1982

In order to obtain anticancer substances from natural products, extracts of dry herbs, which have long been used to treat cancer or canter-like diseases in oriental countries, were screened. Extracts were made with hot water and/or organic solvents. With the extracts we treated murine leukemic L1210 cells growing in Fischer's medium. After 48 hours of incubation, cells were counted and concentrations of dry extracts to achieve 50 percent inhibition of the control growth, ED$_{50}$ values, were determined. Among the 38 species of medicinal plants tested, water extracts of six species showed ED$_{50}$ values of substantially low. Further extraction with organic solvents could reduce their ED$_{50}$ values within the range of the NCI quality control limit. The promising species as potential sources of anti-cancer substances included Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus trifoliata, Coptis japonica, Panax ginseng, Phellodendron amurense, and Scutellaria baikalensis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2020

Mahaenggamsuk-tang (MHGS) has been widely used in Korea and China for the treatment of various diseases. MHGS was constituted the Ephedrea Herba, Armenicae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Gypsum Fibrosum. In this study, we have made three different solvents extract as MHGS water extract (MHGS-W), MHGS 50% EtOH extract (MHGS-50E), and MHGS 100% EtOH extract (MHGS-100E). The MHGS-W, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E showed the discernible difference patterns on HPLC analysis. Furthermore, MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E significantly increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects than MHGS-W. In addition, the MHGS-50E and MHGS-100E also inhibited significantly nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in RAW264.7. On the other hand, MHGS-50E and MHGS-W showed remarkable protection on the HT22 cell via heme oxygenase (HO)-1, but MHGS-100E did not show. The results of this study proved that MHGS-50E has greater potential therapeutic uses by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects compared to MHGS-100E, MHGS-W. Our study suggests that the different solvent might be affected the biological activities when make the traditional herbal medicines including MHGS.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of orange (Citrus auranthium) flesh (OF) and peel (OP) extracted with acetone, ethanol, and methanol. Antioxidant potential was examined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). The comet assay was used to determine the protective effects of OF and OP against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. TPC was highest in the acetone extracts of OF and OP. DPPH RSA was also higher in the acetone extracts than in the ethanol extracts. The DPPH RSA was highest in the acetone extracts of OF. The TRAP and ORAC values of the all extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the TRAP assay, the acetone extracts of OF and OP had the lowest $IC_{50}$ values. In the CAA assay, the methanol and acetone extracts of OP had the lowest $IC_{50}$ values. All of the samples protected against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage in human leukocytes, as measured by the comet assay, but the acetone extracts of OP had the strongest effect. These results suggest that acetone is the best solvent for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from OF and OP. Furthermore, the high antioxidant activity of OP, which is a by-product of orange processing, suggests that it can be used in nutraceutical and functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 1996

The relationship between antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties of several fractions obtained from freeze-dried (FD) coffee were investigated. The nine kinds of fraction were consecutively extracted from FD coffee with solvents in increasing order of polarity, and the higher polarity of the solvent the higher extraction yield of the fraction. The antioxidant activities of the fractions were determined by Rancimat and oven test on edible oils. The antioxidant activities of the fractions increased in the order of acetone>ethanol>methanol>50% methanol/water>water fraction, and the antioxidant activities of them were higher on lard than on soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of each fraction was strongly related to the contents of total phenol, total nitrogen content and acidity, whereas color intensity, reducing power, carboxylic acid content showed little contribution to the activity. All fractions had three peaks maxima at 208, 275 and 324 nm on UV-visible spectra, but the only one at 324 nm was linealy proportional to the antioxidant activities of the fractions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.517-526
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• 2019

Background: The root of Panax ginseng, a member of Araliaceae family, has been used as herbal medicine and functional food in Asia for thousands of years. According to Traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is the most widely used "Qi-invigorating" herbs, which provides tonic and preventive effects by resisting oxidative stress, influencing energy metabolism, and improving mitochondrial function. Very few reports have systematically measured cell mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginseng treatment. Methods: Here, H9C2 cell line, a rat cardiomyoblast, was treated with ginseng extracts having extracted using solvents of different polarity, i.e., water, 50% ethanol, and 90% ethanol, and subsequently, the oxygen consumption rate in healthy and tert-butyl hydroperoxideetreated live cultures was determined by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Results: The 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng possessed the strongest antioxidative and tonic activities to mitochondrial respiration and therefore provided the best protective effects to H9C2 cardiomyocytes. By increasing the spare respiratory capacity of stressed H9C2 cells up to three-folds of that of healthy cells, the 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng greatly improved the tolerance of myocardial cells to oxidative damage. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the low polarity extracts of ginseng could be the best extract, as compared with others, in regulating the oxygen consumption rate of cultured cardiomyocytes during mitochondrial respiration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various solvents on extraction of bioactive phenolics and to analyze the antioxidant capacity and contents of individual catechins in various grades of green teas organically grown in Boseong, Korea. The organic green teas, based on their harvest seasons, were categorized into five grades such as Woo-Jeon, Se-Jak, Jung-Jak, Dae-Jak, and coarse tea. Solvents used to extract phenolics from these teas included water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ as well as 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol and ethanol. In general, aqueous organic solvents of methanol and ethanol led to higher extraction yields of phenolics than water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$. Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of the teas extracted with the aqueous organic solvents were approximately 1.5 to 3.2 and 1.8 to 3.8 times higher than those with water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. Coarse tea, the lowest grade of green tea, showed approximately 30-60% lower total phenolics and antioxidant capacity compared with the higher grade ones. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis was performed quantitatively to identify individual catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine in teas extracted with 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol. Based on their dry weights, the organic green teas contained about 1.7 to 2.9% of caffeine. Content (mg/g dry weight) of tea catechins decreased in the following order: Woo-Jeon (155.4) > Se-Jak (147.7) > Jung-Jak (143.2) > coarse tea (135.1) > Dae-Jak (130.5). (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate was the most abundant among the catechins analyzed. The highest grade of green tea, Woo-Jeon, had the highest amount of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate at 77.4 mg/g dry weight. Overall, the higher grade of organic green teas tended to have the higher level of antioxidant capacity and catechins.