• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2020

Total polyphenol contents, flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of ethanol extracts of 20 herbal plants (sage, turmeric, mace, bayleaf, fenugreek, oregano, blackpepper, whitepepper, clove, marjoram, cinnamon, coriander, basil, dillseed, mustard, cadamon, thyme, celery, rosemary, cumin) were analyzed for the screening of high flavonoid-containing plant resource. Thyme extract, showing the highest flavonoid content and a high degree of antioxidant activity, was selected as a bioactive cosmetic material. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents of thyme extracts were measured as 6.90 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent (CAE)/100 g and 1.71 mg naringin equivalent (NE)/100 g, respectively, and DPPH radical scavenging activities was 90%. Among the tested organic solvents, hexane gave the highest extraction yield. Thus hexane was selected as the most suitable solvent for the extraction of thyme. Response surface method was used to obtain optimized extraction conditions for thyme: reaction temperature of 35.9 ℃, raw material to hexane ratio of 1.63:25 (w/v), and reaction time of 192 min. These predicted extraction conditions was validated by a total flavonoid extraction experiment showing a value equivalent to 96.3% of the predicted total flavonoid content. It is expected that the optimized solvent extraction conditions could be used for the production of flavonoid using thyme.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2020

This study was conducted to find out the optimal extraction conditions to obtain extracts with a high content of ginsenosides and antioxidant activity using the ginseng berry. After extraction by stirring, ultrasound and microwave method using 70% ethanol and distilled water as solvents, the results of considering the content of ginsenoside Re and Rb1, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and whether it is an environmentally friendly manufacturing method, it was confirmed that the microwave method using distilled water is good method of extraction. The optimization of extraction conditions for microwave method were made by response surface methodology (RSM). Microwave power (50 ~ 200 W, X1), solvent and ginseng berry ratio (5 ~ 20 times, X2) and the extraction time (30 ~ 120 s, X3) were used as independent variables. The model showed a good fit having a determination coefficient of the regression equation of 0.9 or more and a p-value less than 0.05. Estimated conditions for the maximized extraction of ginsenoside contents and total polyphenols were 200 w in microwave power, 20 times in solvent and ginseng berry ratio, and 90 s in extraction time. Predicted values at the optimum conditions were total polyphenols of 6.23 mg GAE/g, ginsenoside Re of 17.69 mg/g, and ginsenoside Rb1 of 16.01 mg/g. In the verification of the actual measurement the obtained values showed 6.33 mg GAE/g, 17.79 mg/g, and 15.59 mg/g, respectively, in good agreement with predicted values.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.330-341
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• 2018

This study was performed to investigate and measure the antimicrobial activity of evergreen woody species extracts on Trichophyton mentagrophytes. To do this, leaves and stems were collected from Wando and Jeju islands, and were used for the extraction with different solvents (i.e., distilled water, 80% ethanol, and 100% methanol), and at different ultrasonic extracting times (i.e., 15, 30, and 45 minutes). The experiment was conducted by using the agar diffusion method. The clear zone was measured after incubating the paper disc containing the plant extract in a bacterial culture medium. The controls were synthetic antimicrobials, methylparaben and phenoxyethanol, at concentrations of 0.4, 1, 2, and 4 mg/disc. Altogether, extracts of 56 out of 64 species used in this study had inhibitory activity, which confirmed their antimicrobial activity against Athlete's foot. Among them, the crude ethanolic extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris in 45 min showed a zone of inhibition < 20.2 mm, while the clear zone of Actinodaphne lancifolia ethanolic extraction for 30 min was 23.5 mm. Also, Quercus acuta, Dendropanax morbiferus and Daphne odora showed clear zones of 28.0 mm (45 minutes ethanolic extraction), 20.5 mm (45 minutes crude methanolic extraction) and 19.7 mm (45 minutes methanolic extraction), respectively. Thus, these results confirm that the extracts of evergreen woody species have therapeutic potential against Athlete's foot, and suggest that in order to extract adequate amounts of antimicrobial substance from the plant sources, ideal extraction condition has to be considered.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 2023

Capacitor performance was considered using coffee grounds-based activated carbon produced through oil extraction and KOH activation to increase the utilization of boiwaste. Oil extraction from coffee grounds was performed by solvent extraction using n-Hexane and isopropyl alcohol solvents. The AC_CG-Hexane/IPA produced by KOH activation after oil extraction increased the specific surface area by up to 16% and the average pore size by up to 2.54 nm compared to AC_CG produced only by KOH activation without oil extraction. In addition, the pyrrolic/pyridinic N functional group of the prepared activated carbon increased with the extraction of oil from coffee grounds. In the cyclic voltage-current method measurement experiment, the specific capacitance of AC_CG-Hexane/IPA at a voltage scanning speed of 10 mV/s is 133 F/g, which is 33% improved compared to the amorphous capacity of AC_CG (100 F/g). The results show improved electrochemical properties by improving the size and specific surface area of the mesopores of activated carbon by removing components from coffee grounds oil and synergistic effects by increasing electrical conductivity with pyrrolic/pyridinic N functional groups. In this study, the recycling method and application of coffee grounds, a bio-waste, is presented, and it is considered to be one of the efficient methods that can be utilized as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2009

This paper aimed to develop a solvent extraction and purification process to recover high-purified ${\beta}$-carotene from recombinant Escherichia coli. Cells harvested from the culture broth were treated through numerous steps: dehydration, solvent extraction, crystal formation and separation. To optimize the extracting condition, experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of cell disruption, temperature, organic solvents, solvent-biomass ratio on the yield of ${\beta}$-carotene extracted from cells. The result indicated that no significant differences of extraction yield were observed from cells with or without step of cell disruption. Among different extracting solvents, the highest extraction yield of ${\beta}$-carotene, 30.3 mg-${\beta}$-carotene/g-dry cells, was obtained with isobutyl acetate at solvent-biomass ratio 25 mL/g-dry cells at $50^{\circ}C$. Notably, in case of acetone, the extraction yield was quite low when using acetone itself, but increased almost up to the highest value when combining this solvent and olive oil. The purity of ${\beta}$-carotene crystals obtained from crystallization and separation was 89%. The purity degree was further improved up to 98.5% by treating crude crystals with additional ethanol washing.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.555-560
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• 2008

Extraction was performed to prepare ash-free coal from low rank coal under the temperature of $200-430^{\circ}C$ and initial pressure of 0.1MPa. Three kinds of coal samples with different rank were used and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP, polar), 1-methyl naphthalene(I-MN, non-polar), Light Cycle Oil(LCO, non-polar) were used as solvents. Results showed that higher extraction yield could be obtained with NMP than with 1-MN and LCO, but the ash concentration shows minimun in the case of 1-MN. Three operation modes were compared, that is, idle, agitation and ultrasonic extraction mode. From the results, it was found that the extraction yield and ash concentration were 70.09% and 1.03% under the agitation mode, 80.7% and 0.76% under the ultrasonic operation mode respectively in the case of NMP used at the temperature of $350^{\circ}C$. Similar results were obtained with 1-MN. Effect of ultrasonic on the extraction was estimated as 15-20% increase in the yields and 26% reduction in the ash concentration.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to optimize combining the processes of enzymatic hydrolysis and extraction for lycopene production from autumn olive berry. The autumn olive berry was pulverized and suspended in water, followed by treatment with various hydrolytic enzymes including Ceremix, Celluclast, AMG, Viscozyme, Pectinex, Promozyme, Ultraflo and Tunicase. Reaction solutions were subjected to extraction by applying different organic solvents including acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform. Highest yields of lycopene extraction were obtained with the Ceremix (hydrolysis enzyme) and chloroform (extraction solvent) combination. Subsequently, using this ideal combination, enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, including enzyme concentration, pH and temperature, were statistically optimized to 0.58%, 5.5 and 54.4℃, respectively, by applying the response surface method. The lycopene extraction yield increased 2.3-fold (22.6 mg/100g) by using the selected combined process. We propose that these results could be used for the future development of bioactive materials required for bio-health care products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2001

Extracts of Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai were decreased as the ethanol concentration was increased, but eleutherosides were increased. Extracts were increased as the extraction time was prolonged. Compared to 15 hrs extraction, extract yield and eleutherosides for 5 hrs extraction were 90.6% and 96%, respectively. Yields of extract and eleutherosides were 6.5% and 75% at $100^{\circ}C$. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained from the samples of 4 years' tree harvested at September, which were water and 50% ethanol as solvents, and $90^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs extraction. Soluble solids, minerals, free sugars, free acids, free amino acids and total eleutherosides in the extract of Acanthopanax koreanum were $48.2{\sim}47.4%$, $4.5{\sim}5.3%$, 11.2711.80%, $3.02{\sim}3.18%$, 185.33 mg/100 $g{\sim}$ 348.14 mg/100 g and 990.84 mg/100 $g{\sim}$l,416.10 mg/100 g, respectively. The extract was viscous and yellowish brown liquid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.139-145
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• 1998

This study was performed to provide fundamental data on the optimum manufacture condition of oleoresin using citron peel. Oleoresin was extracted from freeze-dried or hot air dried citron peels using various solvents (hexane, ether, dichloromethane, acetone. and methanol), mixing ratio, extraction temperature, and time. As a result, optimum extraction conditions of oleoresin were: solvent mixing ratio 1:10 (w/v), extraction time 2 hours, and extraction temperature $60^{\circ}C$ when used methanol, and their dichloromethane 1:10 (w/v), 4 hours and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. At optimum extraction conditions, the yield of oleoresin was shown that 35.79% at hot air drying samples, 32.04% at freeze-dried ones when extracted by methanol, but shown 5.86% and 6.16% when used dichloromethane respectively. The number of volatile components present in citron oleoresin were confirmed as thirty two in methnol extracion method and twenty nine in dichloromethane extraction method by GC and GC/MS, respectively. But, in the kinds and amounts of volatile flavor components, relatively greater numbers of volatiles were identified in freeze-dried sample extracted by dichloromethane compared with other methods. In freeze-dried sample extracted by dichloromethane, volatile components of citron oleoresin predominantly occupied by limonene and ${\gamma}-terpinene$ with about 85%. Other important compounds were shown hydrocarbons. such as ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene, terpinolene, ${\beta}-farnesene\;and,\;{\delta}-elemene$, and linalool as alcohols.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.491-501
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• 2002

A cross-examination between KT&G Central Research Institute and Guangzhou Institute for Drug Control was carried out in order to select optimum conditions for extraction, separation and determination of ginsenosides in red ginseng and to propose a better method for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. The optimum extraction conditions of ginsenosides from red ginseng were as follows: the extraction solvent, $70\%$ methanol; the extraction temperature, $100^{\circ}C;$ the extraction time, 1 hour for once; and the repetition of extraction, twice. The optimum separation conditions of ginsenosides on the SepPak $C_{18}$ cartridge were as follows: the loaded amount, 0.4 g of methanol extract; the washing solvents, distilled water of 25 ml at first and then $30\%$ methanol of 25 ml; the elution solvent, $90\%$ methanol of 5 ml. The optimum HPLC conditions for the determination of ginsenosides were as follows: column, Lichrosorb $NH_2(25{\times}0.4cm,$ 5${\mu}m$, Merck Co.); mobile phase, a mixture of acetonitrile/water/isopropanol (80/5/15) and acetonitrile/water/isopropanol (80/20/15) with gradient system; and the detector, ELSD. On the basis of the optimum conditions a method for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides were proposed and another cross-examination was carried out for the validation of the selected analytical method conditions. The coefficient of variances (CVs) on the contents of ginsenoside-$Rg_{1}$, -Re and $-Rb_1$ were lower than $3\%$ and the recovery rates of ginsenosides were $89.4\~95.7\%,$ which suggests that the above extraction and separation conditions may be reproducible and reasonable. For the selected HPLC/ELSD conditions, the CVs on the detector responses of ginsenoside-Rg, -Re and $-Rb_1$) were also lower than $3\%$, the regression coefficients for the calibration curves of ginsenosides were higher than 0.99 and two adjacent ginsenoside peaks were well separated, which suggests that the above HPLC/ELSD conditions may be good enough for the determination of ginsenosides.