• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.489-498
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• 2007

This study focuses on surveying and examining the beliefs of elementary pre-service and in-service teachers about science and science education. The instrument consisted of 21 items about science and science education on a 5-Likert scale(score range from 1 to 5). The one contained science knowledge and scientific invention, and the other contained science teacher, learning science and science learning and teaching. Data were collected from 76 pre-service and 96 in-service elementary teachers(24 male and 148 female). The elementary pre-service and in-service teachers had higher level belief about that science knowledge should be acquired by sequential scientific process, the beliefs of in-service teachers was more explicit than those of pre-service teachers. They had beliefs to educate learners by providing scientific joyfulness and sequential scientific process. But, in-service teachers had difficulties to perform scientific process-based activities. It is necessary to provide scientific experiences to understand the nature of science in pre-service and in-service programs.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1496-1515
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• 2017

One of the most visible developments in Decision Support Systems (DSS) was the emergence of rule-based expert systems. Hence, despite their success in many sectors, developers of Medical Rule-Based Systems have met several critical problems. Firstly, the rules are related to a clearly stated subject. Secondly, a rule-based system can only learn by updating of its rule-base, since it requires explicit knowledge of the used domain. Solutions to these problems have been sought through improved techniques and tools, improved development paradigms, knowledge modeling languages and ontology, as well as advanced reasoning techniques such as case-based reasoning (CBR) which is well suited to provide decision support in the healthcare setting. However, using CBR reveals some drawbacks, mainly in its interrelated tasks: the retrieval and the adaptation. For the retrieval task, a major drawback raises when several similar cases are found and consequently several solutions. Hence, a choice for the best solution must be done. To overcome these limitations, numerous useful works related to the retrieval task were conducted with simple and convenient procedures or by combining CBR with other techniques. Through this paper, we provide a combining approach using the multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to help, the traditional retrieval task of CBR, in choosing the best solution. Afterwards, we integrate this approach in a decision model to support medical decision. We present, also, some preliminary results and suggestions to extend our approach.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2021

The current study explores small corpora of critiques written by Chinese and non-Chinese university students and how strategies used by these writers compare with high-rated L1 students. Data collection includes three small corpora of student writing; 20 student critiques in 2017, 23 student critiques from 2018, and 23 critiques from the online Michigan MICUSP collection at the University of Michigan. The researchers employ Text Inspector and Lexical Complexity to identify university students' vocabulary knowledge and awareness of syntactic complexity. In addition, WMatrix4® is used to identify and support the comparison of lexical and semantic differences among the three corpora. The findings indicate that gaps between Chinese and non-Chinese writers in the same university classes exist in students' knowledge of grammatical features and interactional metadiscourse. In addition, critiques by Chinese writers are more likely to produce shorter clauses and sentences. In addition, the mean value of complex nominal and coordinate phrases is smaller for Chinese students than for non-Chinese and MICUSP writers. Finally, in terms of lexical bundles, Chinese student writers prefer clausal bundles instead of phrasal bundles, which, according to previous studies, are more often found in texts of skilled writers. The current study's findings suggest incorporating implicit and explicit instruction through the implementation of corpora in language classrooms to advance skills and strategies of all, but particularly of Chinese writers of English.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2009

다중에이전트 시스템의 분석에 중요한 시간, 지식, 그리고 전략에 관한 개념들을 구체화하기 위해 번역시스템(Interpreted Systems)과 ATL및 ATEL을 살펴보고, 특히 ATEL의 문제점, 즉 하나의 에이전트는 그 자신의 상태에 대해 확실한 정보를 갖지 못하더라도 전략을 구성함에 있어서 전체 시스템의 현재 상태에 접근할 수 있으며, 또한 ATEL의 불명확한 행위들에 대한 표현은 일반적인 상황을 모델링하는 것을 어렵게 하는 문제점들을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 게임이론의 서브게임 완전한 나쉬평형 (subgame perfect Nash equilibrium)에 기초한 전략적 제한(strategic constraints)을 그 문제의 해결책으로 제안한다. 또한, 전략적 제한에 기초한 번역시스템을 다중에이전트 시스템에서의 모델체킹 (model checking)을 위한 하나의 방법으로 제안한다.

• 인지과학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-52
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• 2005

본 연구는 아동도 일반 성인과 같이 사람은 마음을 가지고 있고 그 마음으로 인해 행동하게 된다는 초보적인 심리지식을 가지고 있는지, 아동의 초보적인 심리지식이 이론의 형태로 체제화 되어 있는지, 또 아동이 발달함에 따라 심리지식이 발달하는지를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 3에서 11세 사이의 아동을 대상으로 행동을 설명하도록 하는 행동설명 과제와 특정인의 마음상태로부터 그 사람의 행동을 예측해야 하는 행동예측 과제를 사용하였다. 3세 아동들도, 그 비율이 더 낮기는 하였으나, 보다 나이 많은 아동과 같이 행동을 목적/의도, 바람, 정서와 같이 눈에 보이지 않는 추상적 구성개념인 마음상태로 설명하였다. 그리고 행동을 설명할 때뿐만 아니라 특정 마음상태를 설명할 때에도 다른 마음상태로 설명하였는데, 이는 마음상태 개념들이 응집력 있게 관련되어 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 특징들은 하나의 이론이 가지는 특성으로, 아동의 심리지식이 이론 형태의 지식임을 보여준다. 또 3세 아동도 사람의 마음상태를 고려하여 그 사람의 행동을 예측할 수 있었다. 그러나 3세 아동은 보다 나이 많은 아동에 비해 믿음과 같은 마음상태가 행동과 어떻게 관련되는지, 성격특질이 다양한 마음상태와 어떻게 관련되어 행동에 영향을 미치는지에 대한 이해가 부족하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.616-622
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• 1994

Precise concept analysis has been neglected be-cause of a lack of understanding of its necessity and a lack of conceptual analytic knowledge. Concept analysis is the mental work of examining parts, phenomenon and the interrelated whole of a thing. Focus in this article is to extract the critical attributes of hardiness and make an operational delinition. The process of concept analysis is illustrated and documented using the analytic approach described by Walker and Avant (1983). To explore the explicit or implicit meanings of hardiness, existing literature was reviewed. The evolution of hardiness and the dictionary definitions were also added. Hardiness can be defined as follows : A condition of being inured to fatigue or hardship which has three subcomponents-challenge, control and commitment. Critical attributes of hardiness were extracted that may be used in naming the occurrence of the phenomenon. Model case, contrary case, borderline case and related case were described. Antecedents and consequences were explored. The defining critical attributes of hardiness are : 1. Resistance-hardiness involves resistance of stress or hardship. 2. Hardiness involves appraisal of change as a chance. 3. Hardiness implies interpretation of events and self as influential,. 4. Hardiness requires active involving reaction Implications for nursing and for further study are added.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1989년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.195-201
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• 1989

Voltage collapse is a serious concern to the electirc utility industry. It is common to associate steady-state stability with the ability of the transmission system to transport real power and to associate voltage collapse with the inability to provide reactive power at the necessary locations within the system. An algorithm to directly calculate the critical point of system voltage collapse was presented by the authors. The method (based on the ordinary power flow equations and explicit requirement of singularity of the Jacobian matrix) is basically one degree of freedom with proper load distribution factors. This paper suggests a modified algorithm to increase the degree of freedom, introducing the nonlinear programming technique. The objective function is a distance measure between the present operating point and the closest voltage collapse point. Knowledge of the distance and the most vulnarable bus from the voltage collapse point of view may be used as a useful index for the secure system operation.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 합동 추계학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.35-38
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• 2002

In this paper, the design of explicit rate-based congestion control in high speed communication networks is considered. The goal of congestion control is to achieve high link utilization, low packet loss, low delay, and fairness among the best-effort sources. To deal with the propagation delays associated with the best effort sources, An MPC technique is employed to solve the congestion problem[1] here. However, the problem with this method is that the closed loop performance relies highly on the knowledge of average service rate. This paper focuses on coping with the problem described above by using a CARIMA model for service rate(available rate).

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2001

EBM is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in mating decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research." EBM is the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best evidence into the decision making process for patient care. The practice of EBM is usually triggered by patient encounters which generate questions about the effects of therapy, the utility of diagnostic tests, the prognosis of diseases, or the etiology of disorders. The best evidence is usually found in clinically relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology. Evidence-based medicine requires new skills of the clinician, including efficient literature-searching, and the application of formal rules of evidence in evaluating the clinical literature. Evidence-based medicine converts the abstract exercise of reading and appraising the literature into the pragmatic process of using the literature to benefit individual patients while simultaneously expanding the clinician's knowledge base. This review will briefly discuss about concepts of evidence medicine and method of critical appraisal of literatures.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.69-88
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• 2010

This paper explores the determinants of the innovation impact of publicly funded R&D projects along three broad dimensions, namely project, firm and market-related factors. In addition to these factors we examine the attributes of the research result per se and aspects of the commercialization process. The observations from empirical and qualitative analyses are based on R&D projects funded by the Fifth and Sixth Research Framework Programmes of the European Union. Firm size, prior experience, innovation culture, the nature of the project itself, explicit intension to commercialize, consortium management and strategy are the factors with the strongest effect on project success, defined in terms of product/process innovation and/or technical knowledge creation. The paper provides important implications for the organization, objectives, and management of public programmes that fund R&D and for project and participant selection.