• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2020

Background: The consequences of falls are often debilitating, and prevention is important. In theory, the lower the center of mass (COM), the greater postural stability during standing, and a weight belt at the waist level may help to lower the COM and improve the standing balance. Objects: We examined how the limit of stability (LOS) was affected by the lowered center of mass with the weight belt. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals participated in the LOS test. After calculating each participant's COM, a weight belt was fastened ten centimeters below the COM. Trials were acquired with five weight belt conditions: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of body weight. Outcome measures included reaction time, movement velocity, endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and directional control in 4 cardinal moving directions. Results: None of our outcome variables were associated with a weight belt (p > 0.075), but all of them were associated with moving direction (p < 0.01). On average, movement velocity of the COM and maximum excursion were 31% and 18% greater, respectively, in mediolateral than anteroposterior direction (5.4°/s vs. 4.1°/s; 97.5% vs. 82.6%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that postural stability was not affected by the weight-induced lowered COM, informing the development and improvement of balance training strategies.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-95
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• 2003

Many factors affect foot and ankle biomechanics during walking, including gait speed and anthropometric characteristics. However, speed has not been taken into account in foot kinematics and kinetics during walking. This study examined the effect of walking speed on foot joint motion and peak plantar pressure during the walking phase. Eighty healthy subjects (40 men, 40 women) were recruited. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion were measured at the first metatarsophalangeal joints during walking phase at three different cadences (80, 100, and 120 step/min) using a three dimensional motion analysis system (CMS70P). At the same time, peak plantar pressure was investigated using pressure distribution platforms (MatScan system) under the hallux heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones and heel. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion and excursion at the ankle joint decreased significantly with increasing walking speed. Peak plantar pressure increased significantly under the heads of the first of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones, and heel with increasing walking speed: three was no change under the hallux. There were no significant changes in maximal dorsiflexion or excursion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The results show that walking speed should be considered when comparing gait parameters. The results also suggest that slow walking speeds may decrease forefoot peak plantar pressure in patients with peripheral neuropathy who have a high risk of skin breakdown under the forefoot.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 최근 2003년부터 2012년까지의 10년 동안 연최대평균풍속이 발생한 날의 변동풍속으로부터 최초파괴확률(FEP: first excursion probability)을 알아보기 위하여 대표지점 8개 지점을 선정하고, 선정된 각 지점에 대한 최근 10년 동안의 풍속자료는 기상청으로부터 획득했고, 90개의 앙상블 중 정규확률분포로 평가된 12개의 모집단을 선정하여, 최초파괴확률 평가를 실시하였다. 분석결과 FEP의 발생확률은 P모델이 M모델 보다 약 60-200% 크게 나타나는 사실을 알 수 있었고 지표면 10 m에서 실측된 기상청자료의 변동풍속으로부터 지상 320 m까지 추정한 변동풍속의 평균 풍속 난류강도의 수직분포를 확인할 수 있었고, 서울 대구의 경도풍 고도는 약 300 m, 나머지 지점은 약 240-280 m로 나타났고, 지표면부근에서의 난류강도는 0.72 m/s-3.3 m/s로 100 m 높이 까지는 난류강도의 변화율이 증가하는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.144-152
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• 1996

In the sequential MPI system with one injection for each cycle, engine performance is influenced by the mixture conditions. It can be said that engine performance is improved by being better identical mixture formation conditions for all cylinders. As the fuel injection timing to the intake port effects on the mixture formation conditions and the engine performance, injection timing must be better adjusted to engine requirements. Engine behavior was clearly different depending on the injection time during intake storke. Therefore it was studied that injection timing of fuel effects on the engine performance I. e. combustion stability, COV(imep), A/F excursion, CO,HC emission concentration and fuel consumption. It was found that late intake-synchronous injection was deteriorated the combustion characteristics and performance characteristics, while early intake-synchronous infection resulted in favorable engine behavior.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Purpose : To investigate the relationship between breathing pattern disorder and joint position error (JPE) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods : Thirty nine patients with CLBP participated. End-tidal $CO_2$ and respiration rate (RR) were measured using a capnography. Breathing-hold time (BHT) and Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) were investigated. Thoracic excursion was measured with a cloth tape measurement technique. Joint position error were measured using a small laser point mounted on a lightweight headband. they were asked to relocate the head, after the neck movement on the horizontal plane. Pearson 's test was used for correlation analysis between respiratory variables and JPE in patients with CLBP. Independent t-test was used to verify the difference between thoracic and diaphragm breathing pattern in patients with CLBP. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results : There was a significant correlation between JPE (LR) and JPE (RR, EX) (r=.639, r=.813) (p<.001) and a low negative correlation with end-tidal $CO_2$ (r=-.357) (p<.05). There was a significant correlation between RR and JPE (EX) (r=.750) (p<.001). There was a low correlation between JPE (EX) and NQ (r=.333) (p<.05). There was a somewhat high negative correlation between NQ and thoracic excursion (r=-.528) (p<.001). There was a somewhat high negative correlation between thoracic excursion and JPE (LR, RR, EX) (r=-.470, r=-.484, r=-.602) (p<.001). There were no significant differences in the RR, BHT, NQ, and thoracic excursion between the thoracic and diaphragmatic breathing (p>.05). There was a significant difference in the JPE (EX), end - tidal $CO_2$, and VAS values between the thoracic and diaphragm breathing (p<.05). Conclusion : There was a correlation between JPE (EX) and NQ in patients with CLBP, and correlation between thoracic excursion and JPE (LR, RR, EX) and NQ. There was a significant difference in the JPE (EX), end-tidal $CO_2$ level, and VAS value in the comparison of thoracic breathing and diaphragm breathing. The results showed that breathing patterns and JPE were related to each other.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.26-37
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of active mandibular exercise (AME) in patients with limited mouth opening after maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) release. Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group and a pre test-post test design. Sixty-two patients with Maxillomandibular Fixation Release were assigned to the experimental (n=31) or control group (n=31). The AME was performed in the experimental group for 4 weeks. The exercise AME consisted of maximal mouth opening, lateral excursion and protrusive movement. These movements were repeated ten times a day. After the final exercise of the day, the number of tongue blades used for mouth opening was noted. The effect of AME was evaluated after MMF release at different time intervals: a) immediately, b) after 1 week, c) after 2 weeks, d) after 4 weeks, and e) after 12 weeks. The exercise was assessed using the following criteria: a) mandibular movements, b) pain scores associated with maximal mouth opening, c) discomfort scores associated with range of movement, and d) daily life activities that involve opening the mouth. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement regarding the range of mandibular movements (maximal mouth opening (F=23.60, p<.001), lateral excursion to the right side (F=5.25, p=.002), lateral excursion to the left side (F=5.97, p=.001), protrusive movement (F=5.51, p=.001)), pain score (F=39.59, p<.001), discomfort score (F=9.38, p<.001). Daily life activities that involve opening the mouth were more favorable compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: The AME in patients after MMF release is helpful for increasing mandibular movement range, decreasing pain and discomfort, and improving day life activities that involve opening the mouth. Therefore, AME is highly recommended as an effective nursing intervention.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2020

Objective: To compare the effects of joint mobilization, gym ball exercises, and breathing exercises on breathing pattern disorders and joint position sense in persons with chronic lower back pain. Design: Three-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Thirty-six individuals with chronic low back pain who were undergoing a postural correction and vertebral movement at a rehabilitation center participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into the joint mobilization group (n=12), gym ball exercises group (n=12), and the breathing exercises group (n=12). The exercises were applied for 40 minutes a day, twice a week for a total of 12 weeks. Measurement tools included the end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂), respiration rate (RR), breath hold time, Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ), excursion, and joint position error (JPE). Results: The groups showed significant differences in the ETCO₂, RR, NQ, Excursion and JPE test before and after the intervention (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were significant in the group that received the gym ball and breathing exercises in ETCO₂ and RR (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were most significant in the group that received breathing exercises in NQ and excursion (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were significant in the group that received the gym ball and breathing exercises in JPE Lt. and Rt. (p<0.05). Conclusions: All three interventions had a significant impact on the biomechanical changes, respiratory variables, and joint position sense in participants with chronic lower back pain. Breathing exercises were found to be particularly effective in improving respiratory parameters.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2019

Background The masseter nerve is a useful donor nerve for reconstruction in patients with established facial palsy, with numerous advantages including low morbidity, a strong motor impulse, high reliability, and fast reinnervation. In this study, we assessed the results of masseter nerve-innervated free gracilis muscle transfer in established facial palsy patients. Methods Ten patients with facial palsy who received treatment from January 2015 to January 2017 were enrolled in this study. Three patients received masseter nerve-only free gracilis transfer, and seven received double-innervated free gracilis transfer (masseter nerve and a cross-face nerve graft). Patients were evaluated using the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software (FACEgram) to quantify oral commissure excursion and symmetry at rest and when smiling after muscle transfer. Results The mean time between surgery and initial movement was roughly 167.7 days. A statistically significant increase in excursion at rest and when smiling was seen after muscle transfer. There was a significant increase in the distance of oral commissure excursion at rest and when smiling. A statistically significant increase was observed in symmetry when smiling. Terzis' functional and aesthetic grading scores showed significant improvements postoperatively. Conclusions Masseter nerve innervation is a good option with many uses in in established facial palsy patients. For some conditions, it is the first-line treatment. Free gracilis muscle transfer using the masseter nerve has excellent results with good symmetry and an effective degree of recovery.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 DRAM 제조 집적공정의 금속배선으로 사용하는 구리의 자기 열처리(self-annealing) 후 박막 특성 변화에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 구리를 증착하고 상온에서 시간이 경과하면 구리가 성장하여 결정체 크기 변화가 생기는데 이를 자기 열처리라고 부른다. 구리 금속의 증착은 전기 도금법(electroplating)을 사용하였다. 구리 도금액으로 유기 첨가물이 다른 두 가지 시료인 기준 도금액과 평가 도금액 두 용액에 대해 평가 하였다. 자기 열처리 시간이 경과함에 따라 시간에 대해 면 저항 값의 변화가 없는 영역과 이후 급격하게 떨어지는 구간으로 나누어지고 최종적으로 포화면 저항 값을 보인다. 최종적인 면 저항 값은 초기 값 대비 20% 개선 효과를 보인다. 평가 전해액의 자기 열처리 효과가 기준 용액 대비 더 빠른 시간 안에 이루어졌는데 이는 유기 첨가물의 차이 때문이다. 개선의 효과 분석으로 TEM 장비를 이용하여 결정체 변화를 관찰하였고 자기 열처리 공정에 의해 효과적인 결정체 성장이 이루어졌음을 발견했다. 또한 단면 TEM 측정 결과 자기 열처리 된 시료는 전류 방향으로의 결정체 경계면 숫자가 줄어드는 bamboo 구조를 보인다. 열적 열하 특성(thermal excursion characteristics) 측정 결과 고온 열처리 대비 자기 열처리 시료가 hillock 특성이 보이지 않고 이는 박막의 신뢰성 특성을 향상 시킨다. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) 측정 결과 결정체가 $2{\mu}m$까지 성장한 결정체를 관찰하였고 스트레스에 의한 void를 억제하는데 유리한 (100) 면 비중이 증가하는 방향으로 결정체 성장이 이루어짐을 알 수 있다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2017

Background: Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of people with limited chest function have focused on the diaphragmatic ability to control breathing pattern. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate to demonstrate diaphragmatic mechanism during breathing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training using real-time ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) on the chest function of young females with limited chest mobility. Methods: Twenty-six subjects with limited chest mobility were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) depending on the use of RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training, with 13 subjects in each group. For both groups, diaphragmatic breathing training was performed for 30-min, including three 10-min sets with a 1-min rest interval. An extra option for the EG was the use of the RUSI during the training. Outcome measures comprised the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathing, pulmonary function (forced vital capacity; FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec; FEV1, tidal volume; TV, and maximal voluntary ventilation; MVV), and chest circumferences at upper, middle, and lower levels. Results: The between-group comparison revealed that the diaphragmatic excursion range during deep breathing, FVC, and middle and lower chest circumferences were greater at post-test and that the changes between the pretest and post-test values were greater in the EG than in the CG (p<.05). In addition, the subjects in the EG showed increased post-test values for all the variables compared with the pretest values, except for TV and MVV (p<.05). In contrast, the subjects in the CG showed significant improvements for the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathings, FVC, FEV1, and middle and lower chest circumferences after the intervention (p<.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that using RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training might be more beneficial for people with limited chest mobility than when diaphragmatic breathing training is used alone.