• Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 1999

This study is concerned with the educational program Visual Analysis Tool (VAT) for sound development for foreign intonation using personal computer. The VAT can run on IBM-PC 386 compatible or higher. It shows the spectrogram, waveform, intensity and the pitch contour. The system can work freely on either waveform zoom in-out or the documentation of measured value. In this paper, intensity and pitch contour information were used. Twelve French sentences were recorded from a French conversational tape. And three Korean participated in this study. They spoke out twelve sentences repeatly and trid to make the same pitch contour - by visually matching their pitcgh contour to the native speaker's. A sentences were recorded again when the participants themselves became familiar with intonation, intensity and pauses. The difference of pitch contour(rising or falling), pitch value, energy, total duration of sentences and the boundary of rhythmic group between native speaker's and theirs before and after training were compared. The results were as following: 1) In a declarative sentence: a native speaker's general pitch contour falls at the end of sentences. But the participant's pitch contours were flat before training. 2) In an interrogative: the native speaker made his pitch contours it rise at the end of sentences with the exception of wh-questions (qu'est-ce que) and a pitch value varied a greath. In the interrogative 'S + V' form sentences, we found the pitch contour rose higher in comparison to other sentences and it varied a great deal. 3) In an exclamatory sentence: the pitch contour looked like a shape of a mountain. But the participants could not make it fall before or after training.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.82-103
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop and present the accreditation criteria for engineering technology education programs in junior colleges. Research methods used in this study were review of related literature, experts discussion, and Delphi technique. Especially, Delphi technique was the major research method of this study. The Delphi surveys were taken for about seven weeks and three rounds at a higher level of expert participation. Major results of the study were as follows: 1. It proved that thirty six of total forty items had the content validity as the accreditation criteria of engineering technology education programs for junior colleges. CVR(Content Validity Ratio) of four items were below .33 and eliminated four items from the final accreditation criteria. 2. It proved that total Cronbach ${\alpha}$ was very high .9142 and reliability was very high all over items. It proved that six items made worse reliability, therefore it was desirable to exclude six items for increase of reliability. But the final accreditation criteria included six items, because they had a high validity as well as increasing rate of Cronbach ${\alpha}$ was very low with the exception of them. 3. Items of high importance were drawn out through analysis of importance. It proved that thirty of total forty items were more than 4.00 average in importance and ten items were less than average. 4. In conclusion, the final accreditation criteria were developed and presented through such analysis of validity, reliability and importance. The final accreditation criteria for engineering technology education programs in junior colleges were composed of seven domains of educational objectives, learning outcomes, curriculum, staff, facilities, institutional support, and student assessment.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was analyzing the equality between the MeSH terms and the keyword used in the papers published in Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine and investigating how to use an appropriate MeSH terms as keyword in the papers. Methods A total of 704 keyword used in 177 papers published from 2009 to 2012 in Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine were analyzed to investigate the equality between the keyword and the MeSH terms. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software for frequency analysis. Results Among the 704 keyword, 107 keyword(15.2%) was perfectly matched with the MeSH terms. 64 keyword(9.1%) showed partial difference was with the MeSH terms, and 11 keyword(1.7%) showed partial difference was with the Entry terms. 127 keyword(18.0%) were included in the exception item due to the nature of journal, and 395 keyword(56.1%) were not perfectly matched with the MeSH terms. In the yearly analysis result, the number of papers that keyword and MeSH terms perfectly matched was not significant changed, however the number of papers that keyword and MeSH terms did not matched was continuously increased, which clearly indicate use of MeSH terms as the keyword of the papers published in the journal of Sasang constitution medicine is insufficient. Conclusions The papers published in journal of Sasang constitutional medicine need to be cited in various fields and the paper's finding need to affect in other studies for the development of Korean medicine and Sasang constitutional medicine. The use of proper keyword aligned with the international standards is necessary to accomplish the globalization of them.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

Purpose: To evaluate the upper airway dimensions of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and control subjects using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit commonly applied in clinical practice in order to assess airway dimensions in the same fashion as that routinely employed in a clinical setting. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis utilizing existing CBCT scans to evaluate the dimensions of the upper airway in OSA and control subjects. The CBCT data of sixteen OSA and sixteen control subjects were compared. The average area, average volume, total volume, and total length of the upper airway were computed. Width and anterior-posterior (AP) measurements were obtained on the smallest axial slice. Results: OSA subjects had a significantly smaller average airway area, average airway volume, total airway volume, and mean airway width. OSA subjects had a significantly larger airway length measurement. The mean A-P distance was not significantly different between groups. Conclusion: OSA subjects have a smaller upper airway compared to controls with the exception of airway length. The lack of a significant difference in the mean A-P distance may indicate that patient position during imaging (upright vs. supine) can affect this measurement. Comparison of this study with a future prospective study design will allow for validation of these results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.75-86
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• 2005

To investigate the fatigue characteristic of upper limbs, this study analyzed RMS(root mean square) and MPF(mean power frequency) value between initial and terminal stages of each experiment condition. And the effect of intermittent endurance time was evaluated using the Borg's CR10 value that was measured for the parts of upper limb. According to the results of ANOVA on RMS value, there were significant difference on the %MVC about push, pull, and down force exertion. Particularly the ANOVA of up force exertion was significant difference on shoulder flexion, elbow flexion and rest time as well as %MVC. The results of ANOVA for MPF value were significant difference on the %MVC in regard of the push and up force exertion. In case of up force exertion, MPF value tended to shift low frequency at all of the experiment conditions. According to the analysis of duty cycle, RMS value considerably increased over 50% duty cycle and as the %MVC increased, the duty cycle affected the increase of RMS value. MPF value for up and down force exertion decreased at 33%, 50% and 67% duty cycle for all of %MVC. Borg CR10 value of hand and forearm were below the 3-point to the 40% of endurance time at 30%MVC and to the 20% of endurance time at 50%MVC with the exception of up force exertion. But Borg CR10 values of upper arm and shoulder at up force exertion were more than 3-point to the 20% of endurance time at 30%MVC and in the start point of endurance time at 50%MVC.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.72-77
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• 2017

Background and Purpose Although sleep disturbances are common and considered a major burden for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the fundamental mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of sleep disturbance in AD patients have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and sleep disturbance in AD patients using technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods A total of 140 AD patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Seventy patients were assigned to the AD with sleep loss (SL) group and the rest were assigned to the AD without SL group. SL was measured using the sleep subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. A whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of brain SPECT data was conducted to compare the rCBF between the two groups. Results The two groups did not differ in demographic characteristics, severity of dementia, general cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, with the exception of sleep disturbances. The SPECT imaging analysis displayed decreased perfusion in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral temporal pole, and right precentral gyrus in the AD patients with SL group compared with the AD patients without SL group. It also revealed increased perfusion in the right precuneus, right occipital pole, and left middle occipital gyrus in the AD with SL group compared with the AD without SL group. Conclusions The AD patients who experienced sleep disturbance had notably decreased perfusion in the frontal and temporal lobes and increased rCBF in the parietal and occipital regions. The findings of this study suggest that functional alterations in these brain areas may be the underlying neural correlates of sleep disturbance in AD patients.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.155-182
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of Islamization in Java, focusing on religious discourse among Muslim intellectuals. How Islamic tradition and knowledge have been perceived and utilized and how they have interacted with those of non-Islamic origin will be discussed. For this, three Islam-related books written in different phases of Islamization are to be analyzed: Babad Tanah Jawi compiled by Mataram court in the 17th century, Serat Cabolek written by a court poet in the late 18th or early 19th century, and Fikih Anti-korupsi published by reformist and scriptural organization of Muhammadiyah in 2006. Babad portrays conversion to Islam as a process which does not demand a dramatic outward change in religious practice. Scriptural tradition of Islam and the dichotomy between what is Islamic and what is not were not mentioned in order to explain conversion. Spiritual and mystical enlightenment was emphasized heavily, and for this, the importance of non-Islamic traditions was fully acknowledged. Serat tells us that this period was characterized by the surge of scriptural and shariah-minded Islam, maintenance of non-Islamic traditions, clashes between scriptural Islam and old religious traditions, and Javanese efforts to harmonize these. In Fikih, non-Islamic tradition is replaced by scriptural Islam and disappears totally. Interpretations based on the Scriptures, however, do not monopolize it and are used together with mode of analysis from the West. It is too much to call this 'intellectual syncretism', in that Islamic Scriptures and Western knowledge do not mix but stand side by side. Three books under examination reveal that the process of Islamization in Java has not been uniform. It has been conditioned and shaped by local socio-cultural and historical circumstances, where active engagement and intellectual exercise of Javanese Muslims have played key roles. Even Islamization in the last few decades is not an exception. The surge of scripturalism and fundamentalism does not simply bring about a move to Arabization. Interacting with local intellectual and socio-cultural milieu, this has produced a sort of intellectual hybridity, which is unique to Muslim society of Java.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2023

Background: The survival benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using the bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) is well known; however, the role of BITA in concomitant aortic valve replacement (AVR) and CABG has not been studied. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent concomitant AVR and CABG. Cases not using an internal thoracic artery and less than 2 bypass grafts were excluded. We enrolled 114 patients in this study. The mean follow-up duration was 61.5±43.5 months. Results: Forty patients (35.1%) underwent CABG with a single internal thoracic artery (SITA) and 74 patients (64.9%) underwent CABG with BITA. The preoperative clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the 2 groups, with the exception of a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the SITA group. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were not significantly higher in the BITA group than in the SITA group. In the univariable analysis, the survival of the BITA group was similar to that of the SITA group (p=0.157). Multivariable analysis showed that only mean age was a predictor of death (p=0.042), but using BITA was not an independent predictor (p=0.094). In low-risk patients whose preoperative ejection fraction was >45%, the survival of the BITA group was significantly better than that of the SITA group (p=0.043). Conclusion: BITA use in concomitant AVR and CABG showed no difference in mortality compared to using SITA. Although its impact on long-term survival was inconclusive, BITA use can be considered for low-risk patients.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2023

Metabolomics is the study of global metabolite profiles in a system (cell, tissue, or organism) under a given set of conditions. Metabolomics has its roots in early metabolite profiling studies but is now a rapidly expanding area of scientific research in its own right. In this study, the applications of metabolomics in natural product studies are explored. Ginseng is a well-known herbal medicine and has various pharmacological effects, which include antiaging, anticancer, antifatigue, memory enhancing, immunomodulatory, and stress reducing effects. Metabolomic analysis of organic acids has not been performed for evaluation whether ginseng has been cultivated using conventional or environmental-friendly farming methods. In this study, profiling analysis was conducted for organic acids (OAs) in ginseng roots produced using conventional or environmentfriendly farming methods at five locations in each of five regions. In OA profiles, lactic acid was the most abundant OA in all regions, with the exception for environmentally friendly farmed ginseng in two of the five regions, in which glycolic acid was most abundant OA. OA profiles in all regions showed isocitric acid levels were increased by environment-friendly cultivation, which suggests metabolic differences associated from farming method, and that isocitric acid might be a useful discriminatory biomarker of environmental-friendly and conventional cultivation. The results of the present study suggest metabolomic studies of OAs in ginseng roots might be useful for monitoring whether ginseng has been cultivated using conventional or environmentally friendly farming methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.108-115
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• 2023

Although hydrazine is an excellent liquid propellant, caution is required during storage and handling due to its high toxicity and reactivity. Safety guidelines should be established in consideration of the chemical reactivity by unintended leakage. In this study, the status of hydrazine facilities at launch site and safety standards for storing and handling were investigated and then, the reactivity between chemicals and hydrazine was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, hydrazine has reactivity with the exception of fuel oil. This paper emphasizes the imperative nature of constructing a dedicated hydrazine storage facility. Ensuring compatibility between hydrazine and the materials used in storage containers and handling equipment is crucial to prevent undesired reactions that could compromise safety. It was intended to be used as basic data to secure the range safety when handling hydrazine.