• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.97-98
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• 2001

In Experiment 1, two hundred ten hatched broiler chickens(Ross) were assigned to seven dietary treatments for 5weeks. Each treatment was consisted of 3 replications with 10 birds per replication. Control diet was formulated 22%CP and 3,150kcaIME/kg for starter diet, 19%CP, 3,200kca1ME/kg for finisher diet. Euglena gracilis was added to control diet at the level of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0% and Euglena bleached(DHA enriched) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% in the diet. 0 Experiment 2, two hundred fifty hatched broiler chickens(Ross) were assigned to five dietary treatments: T1; control, T2: T1 + Euglena gracilis(DHA enriched)0.5%, T3; T1 + Euglena gracilis(DHA enriched)1.0%, T4: T1 + Euglena bleached(DHA enriched)0.5%,T5: T1 $.$Euglena bleached(DHA enriched)1.0%. In Experiment 1, 2.0% Euglena bleached treatment showed highest DHA level in breast muscle(P<0.05), In Experiment 2, 1.0% Euglena bleached treatment showed highest EPA, Lignoceric acid and DHA level in breast muscle(P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.56-57
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• 2001

In Experiment 1, two hundred eighty 32wks old ISA brown layers were assigned to seven dietary treatments for 4weeks. Each treatment was consisted of 4 replications with 10 birds per replication. Control diet was formulated 10%CP 2,750KcalME/kg. Euglena bleached(DHA enriched) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% in the diet. In Experiment 2, three hundred 84wks old ISA brown layers were assigned to seven dietary treatments: T1; Control, T2; T1 ＋ Euglena bleached(DHA enriched)0.5%, T3; T1 ＋ Euglena gracilis(DHA enriched)0.5%, T4; T1 ＋ Euglena gracilis(DHA enriched)1.0%, T5; T1＋Euglena gracilis(DHA enriched)2.0%. In Experiment 1, 2.0% Euglena bleached treatment showed highest DHA level in Egg yolk(P＜0.05). In Experiment 2, 0.5% Euglena bleached treatment showed highest DHA level in Egg yolk(P＜0.05).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.493-499
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• 2023

In this study we evaluated the immune-enhancing effects of β-glucan, the main component of Euglena gracilis (Euglena), and Euglena on inflammatory factor expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and ICR mice with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Macrophages were treated with β-glucan or Euglena for 48 h. The β-glucan and Euglena groups exhibited higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α than the control (vehicle alone) group. Animals were fed saline and β-glucan (400 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or Euglena (400 or 800 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days, and on days 17-19, cyclophosphamide (CCP, 80 mg/kg B.W.) was administered to induce immunosuppression in the ICR mouse model. CCP reduced the body weight, spleen index, and cytokine expression of the mice. To measure cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a mitogen for 24 h. In vivo, ConA stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 receptor β1, IL-1β, and IL-2 in splenocytes from the β-glucan- or Euglena-treated groups compared with those in the splenocytes from the CCP-treated group; LPS stimulation increased the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in splenocytes from the β-glucan- or Euglena- treated groups compared with those from the CCP-treated group, but most of these differences were not significant. These results demonstrate the effect of Euglena in ameliorating macrophages and immunosuppression in CCP-treated mice. Thus, Euglena has the potential to enhance macrophage- and splenocyte- mediated immune-stimulating responses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.880-890
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• 2024

The immunomodulatory effects of Euglena gracilis (Euglena) and its bioactive component, β-1,3-glucan (paramylon), have been clarified through various studies. However, the detailed mechanisms of the immune regulation remain to be elucidated. This study was designed not only to investigate the immunomodulatory effects but also to determine the genetic mechanisms of Euglena and β-glucan in cyclophosphamide (CCP)-induced immunosuppressed mice. The animals were orally administered saline, Euglena (800 mg/kg B.W.) or β-glucan (400 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days, and CCP (80 mg/kg B.W.) was subsequently administered to induce immunosuppression in the mice. The mice exhibited significant decreases in body weight, organ weight, and the spleen index. However, there were significant improvements in the spleen weight and the spleen index in CCP-induced mice after the oral administration of Euglena and β-glucan. Transcriptome analysis of the splenocytes revealed immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated in the Euglena- and β-glucantreated groups. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that pathways related with interleukin (IL)-17 and cAMP play significant roles in regulating T cells, B cells, and inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Ptgs2, a major inflammatory factor, was exclusively expressed in the Euglena-treated group, suggesting that Euglena's beneficial components, such as carotenoids, could regulate these genes by influencing immune lymphocytes and inflammatory cytokines in CCP-induced mice. This study validated the immunomodulatory effects of Euglena and highlighted its underlying mechanisms, suggesting a positive contribution to the determination of phenotypes associated with immune-related diseases and the research and development of immunotherapies.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.115-125
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• 1993

Euglena gracilis 에서 arginine deiminas는 mitochondrial matrix 내에 존재한다. 고도로 정제된 효소가 0.23 nM의 $K_m$ 값을 갖고 효소반응을 하기 위해서는 $Co^{2+}$가 필요하며, 이때 최적 pH는 9.3~10.3이었다. Gel filtration에 의해서 얻어진 조효소 단백질의 분자량은 87,000이었으며, SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis에 의해 효소는 48,000의 분자량을 갖는 2개의 동일한 subunit로 구성되어 있음이 밝혀졌다. Euglena의 arginine deiminas는 sulfhydryl inhibitors에 의해서 활성이 저지되었는데, 이는 sulfhydryl group이 효소의 활성부위에 관여함을 나타낸다. 이 sulfhydryl group은 arginine이 효소와 결합하는데 있어서 negative cooperativity를 나타내었다. ${\beta}-guanidinopropionate$, ${\gamma}-guanidinobutyrate$와 guanidinosuccinate는 효소의 활성을 저지시키지 않는데 반하여, $L-^{\alpha}-amino-{\beta}-guanidino-propionate$, D-arginine, 그리고 L-homoarginine은 효소의 활성을 강력하게 저지시켰다. Citrulline과 ornithine에 의해서도 상당한 정도의 효소활성저지가 관찰되었다. 우리는 Euglena의 arginine deiminase의 독특한 성질이 Euglena 라는 원생동물 내에서 arginine 대사의 조절에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 토의하고자 한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2004

본 연구는 생물학적 탄산가스 고정화에 사용되는 Euglena를 단세포 단백 사료 자원으로 이용하고, DHA를 강화시킨 변종을 육계의 사료에 첨가하였을 때 그 이용성과 도체지방산에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 시험 1에서는 갓 부화한 육계병아리(Ross) 210수를 반복당 10수씩 3반복으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 에너지 함량과 조단백 질함량이 전기에는 3,150 kcaHg, $22\%$, 후기에는 3,200 kcal/kg, $19\%$가 되도록 한 대조구사료에 EG(Euglena gracilis Z.)를 0.25, 0.50, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구와 EGBD(Euglen gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched)를 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 7처리구로 하였다. 시험 2에서는 육계병아리(Ross) 250수를 반복당 10수씩 5반복으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 대조구 사료에 EGD(Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched)를 0.5, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구와 EGBD를 0.5, $1.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 5처리구로 하였다. 사양시험은 5주간 실시하였고 매주 사료섭취량과 증체량, 사료요구율 및 폐사율을 측정하였다. 사양시험종료 후 대사시험을 실시하고, 가슴살을 채취하여 지방산을 분석하였다. 시험 1의 결과를 보면, 증체량은 시험 전 기간 동안 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 사료요구율은 대조구에 비해 Euglena 첨가구들이 좋은 경향이 있었다. 단백질의 이용율은 EG를 첨가한 구들이 EGBD를 첨가한 구들보다 높은 경향이 있었다. 가슴살 내 지방산은 linoleic acid와 arachidonic acid가 $1.0\%$의 EG를 첨가한 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다. EPA는 유의한 차이는 없었지만, EGBD를 첨가한 구들에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. DHA는 $2.0\%$의 EGBB를 첨가한 구에서 유의적으로 가장 높았고, 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구들에 비해 EGBD를 첨가한 구들이 유의적으로 높았다. 실험 2에서도 증체량은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 사료요구율은 시험 전 기간동안 EGBD를 첨가한 구가 유의적으로 좋았다. 가슴살의 지방산 조성의 결과를 보면 linoleic acid는 대조구가 유의하게 높았다. EP4 DHA와 lignoceric acid는 모두 $1.0\%$의 EGBD를 첨가한 구가 유의적으로 가장 높았고, Euglena를 첨가한 구들 모두가 대조구보다 높았으며, 그중 EGBD를 첨가한 구들이 유의적으로 더 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로, Euglena의 첨가가 육계의 생산성에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못했지만, 시험 2에선 EGBD의 첨가가 사료효율을 개선시키는 경향.이 있었다. DHA를 강화시킨 Euglena인 EGD나 EGBD의 첨가는 계육 내의 DHA를 비롯한 $\omega$-3 계열의 지방산의 수준을 높이는데, 특히 EGBD는 DHA 강화 효과가 높았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.228-237
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• 2022

In this study, the effects of the immune stimulator Euglena gracilis (Euglena) in cyclophosphamide (CCP)-induced immunocompromised mice were assessed. The key component β-1,3-glucan (paramylon) constitutes 50% of E. gracilis. Mice were orally administered Euglena powder (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or β-glucan powder (250 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days. In a preliminary immunology experiment, ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg of CCP/kg B.W. during the final 3 consecutive days. In the main experiment, BALB/c mice were treated with CCP for the final 5 days. To evaluate the enhancing effects of Euglena on the immune system, mouse B.W., the spleen index, natural killer (NK) cell activity and mRNA expression in splenocytes lungs and livers were determined. To detect cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with 5 ㎍/ml concanavalin A or 1 ㎍/ml lipopolysaccharide. The B.W. and spleen index were significantly increased and NK cell activity was slightly enhanced in all the experimental groups compared to the CCP-only group. In splenocytes, the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-12 receptor were increased in the E. gracilis and β-glucan groups compared to the CCP-only group, but there was no significant difference. Treatment with 500 mg of Euglena/kg B.W. significantly upregulated dectin-1 mRNA expression in the lung and liver compared to the CCP-only group. These results suggest that Euglena may enhance the immune system by strengthening innate immunity through immunosuppression.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 생물학적 탄산가스 고정화에 사용되는 Euglena를 사료자원으로 이용하고, Euglena의 DHA를 강화시켜 산란계의 사료에 첨가하여 그 이용성과 난황내 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 시험 1에서는 32주령의 산란계(ISA-Brown) 280수를 7처리로 나누어 처리당 4반복으로 반복당 10수씩 배치하였다. 처리구는 에너지함량과 조단백질함량이 2,750 kcal/kg과$17\%$인 대조구 사료에 EG(Euglena gracilis Z.)를 0.25, 0.50, $1.0\%$ 첨가한구와 EGBD(Euglena gracilis B bleached and DHA enriched)를 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 7처리구로 하였다. 시험 2에서는 84주령의 산란계 300수를 5처리로 나누어 처리당 5반복으로 반복당 12수씩 배치하였다. 처리구는 대조구사료에 EGBD를 $0.5\%$ 첨가한 구와 EGD(Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched)를 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ 첨가한 구의 5처리구로 하였다. 두시험 모두 사양시험은 4주간 실시하였고, 시험기간동안 물과 사료는 자유로이 섭취케 하고 정상적인 점등관리를 실시하였다. 시험 1의 결과를 보면,c일계산란율과 산란지수 모두 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 난중은 시험사료 급여결과 $1.0\%$의 EG 첨가구가 가장 무거웠으며, 대조구가 가장 가벼웠다. 난황색은 모든 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 높았으며, EG를 첨가한 구들의 난황색이 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 지방산 조성을 보면 $2.0\%$ EGBD 첨가구의 DHA와 EPA의 수준이 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, arachidonic acid의 수준은 가장 낮았다. 시험 2에서도 일계 산란율과 산란지수 모두 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 난중은 $0.5\%$의 EGD를 첨가한 구가 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구들에 비해 EGD를 첨가한 구들이 높은 경향이 있었다. 지방산 조성의 결과를 보면 $2.0\%$ EGD 첨가구의 myristic acid, myristoleic acid와 pentadecanoic acid가 모두 유의적으로 가장 높았다. DHA는 $0.5\%$%의 EGBD 첨가구가 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, EGD를 첨가한 구들이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 결론적으로, Euglena의 첨가는 산란계의 생산성에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못했지만, EG의 첨가가 난황색의 개선에 효과가 있었고, EG, EGD 그리고 ECBD 모두가 난중을 높여주는 경향이 있었다. 또한, Euglena의 DHA를 강화시킨, EGD나 특히 EGBD의 첨가는 난황내의 DHA를 비롯한 $\omega%-3 계열의 지방산의 수준을 높이는데 효과적이라고 사료되어진다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.379-391
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• 2024

Tocopherol, carotenoids, and chlorophyll are the primary components of the antioxidative response in microalgae. Conditions of stress, such salt stress, can trigger the processes responsible for the accumulation of tocopherol and carotene. It has been found that the most difficult part of culturing microalgae is keeping it affordable. This study investigated the effects of different salt types and concentrations on the amount of α-tocopherol, carotenoid derivatives, and flocculation efficiency of Euglena sp. Cultures of Euglena sp. was developed under salt stress conditions of NaCl 200 mM and KCl 200 mM. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used to confirm the presence of α-tocopherol and carotenoid derivatives under thirteen days of salt stress testing. Increasing salinity has a significant effect on Euglena sp., causing spherical cell morphologies with aspect ratio 1.385 ± 0.031 for NaCl 200 mM and 1.414 ± 0.040 for KCl 200 mM. Increasing salinity also slowing down development with specific growth rate value of 0.171 ± 0.006 per day and 0.122 ± 0.029 per day for NaCl and KCl 200 mM, respectively. Nevertheless, the amount of α-tocopherol in Euglena sp. increases with a high salt concentration; algal cells flocculated more successfully when increasing the salt concentrations (NaCl 200 mM and KCl 200 mM) was added. Due to the inhibition of photosynthetic activity in salt-stressed cells, the control group exhibited higher levels of carotenoid derivatives (ranging from 0.5-1 ㎍/mL) and pheophytin a and b (0.0062 ± 0.001 ㎍/mL and 0.0064 ± 0.001 ㎍/mL) than the group treated with salt stress. In conclusion, salt stress was an effective way to raises the concentration of α-tocopherol and significantly reduce the expense of harvesting Euglena sp.

• 약학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.420-427
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• 1988

Post-translational modification of protein amino acid residues is a well known metabolic phenomenon. One such side chain modification, protein methylation, occur ubiquitously in nature, in organism ranging from prokaryotic to eukaryotic and the biological significance of protein methylation has begun to emerge. The observation that cytochrome C methylation facilitates the binding of this hemoprotein to mitochondria could be placed as the one of the examples along this line. However, the detail biological meaning of cytochrome C methylation is remained to be clarified. In the aspect of such reason this research was done. The results of this experiment were; 1) pure Euglena gracilis cytochrome C552 was isolated, 2) methylarginine and methylmethionine were not found in cytochrome C552 sequence, 3) however, Unknown Peak at 20.78min of retention time was found, and 4) this Unknown Peak was found only from Euglena cytochrome C552, so far.