• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1385-1389
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• 2004

For the development of better Gulbi processing, brine salting method was applied for the Yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis). The changes of moisture contents, salt contents, and total microbial numbers in Yellow croaker were measured following different brine concentration (20, 30%), temperature (5, 25, 35$^{\circ}C$), and soaking time (1, 6, 12, 24 hours) by brine salting method. Rate of salt penetration into Yellow croaker muscle increased as higher brine concentration and higher dipping temperature. When compared to commercial products of Gulbi by dry-salting method, the moisture and salt contents in Yellow croaker showed similar values after treated with 20% brine at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The weight of Yellow croaker increased about 4% when immersed it in 20% brine at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. There was no weight change at $25^{\circ}C$ dipping temperature and reduced 7% of weight at 35$^{\circ}C$ dipping temperature. At 30% brine concentration, the weight of Yellow croaker reduced 1%, 9%, and 13% on weight at 5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and 35$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Total microbial counts in Yellow croaker muscle soaked at 30% brine showed 1 log lower numbers than 20%. The muscles had about 1 log higher microbial numbers than the treated brine solution. An ethanol extract of onion peel added to brine for giving better color and for preventing oxidation on Gulbi lipid. The treated group showed higher Land b values on Gulbi surface as well as antioxidant effect on the extracted oil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-204
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• 1977

The studies on the saponins of Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, were performed according to the cultivating locations, sampling seasons, plant parts, and growing stages. The changes in saponin content in the course of manufacturing Red ginseng and Ginseng extract were observed. In this paper, a new method for the determination of the total and the individual saponin glucosides was proposed and applied to the samples under study. The method employing Digital Densitorol DMU-33C (Toyo electric Co., Japan) followed the separation of the saponins by means of a preparative thin layer chromatography. The saponin contents and their fractional distribution were summarized as follows: 1. The average concentrations(% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins in the roots of Korean ginseng planted in the various locations were 5.0%(Keumsan), 6.0% (Kimpo), and 5.4% (Pocheon), respectively. 2. There were 3.3% saponins in White ginseng(Rhizome) and 12.7% saponins in Ginseng tail (Fibrous root). 3. Regarding the year of growth, the contents of saponins were 90.3mg (2-year-old ginseng), 254.4mg (3-year-old ginseng), 404.2mg (4-year-old ginseng). 999.6mg (5-year-old ginseng), and 1377.1mg (6-year-old ginseng) respectively, and the saponin factions containing panaxatriol as an aglycone increased. 4. Thin layer chromatography revealed that Red ginseng yielded many saponins which Shibata et al. designated as $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ (22.1%), $-Rb_2(15.4%)$, -Rc(12.6%), -Re (15.7%), and $-Rg_1$, (9.3%). 5. 29.9% of crude saponins were isolated from ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng fibrous root and their extraction yield was 94.2% of fibrous root saponin.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.613-621
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• 2015

In this study, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water extract (ASSW) and 70% ethanol extract (ASSE) of Allium sativum L. stems were investigated using Raw 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ABTS radical scavenging activities of ASSW and ASSE at $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration were 96.9% and 97.8%, respectively. In order to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of ASSW and ASSE, nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor including ${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) were measured. ASSW and ASSE at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration showed inhibitory effects against NO production by 18% and 23%, respectively. Production of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 after treatment with ASSW and ASSE at $100{\mu}g/mL$ decreased by approximately 28% and 15% for ASSW and 17% and 12% for ASSE, respectively. In addition, production of TNF-${\alpha}$ after treatment of $100{\mu}g/mL$ of ASSW and ASSE decreased by 24% and 23%, respectively. In addition, the treatment of $100{\mu}g/mL$ of ASSW and ASSE showed inhibitory expressions against PGE2 by 45.47% and 33.87%, respectively. These results suggested that ASSE showed greater inhibitory activity than that of the ASSW by the suppression of inflammatory mediators, including NO, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and PGE2 production, and the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages. In conclusion, ASSW and ASSE may have some ancillary effects on inflammatory factors as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.373-380
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner flower (lotus flower, LF) and its wine (lotus flower wine, LF wine). The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and carbohydrate contents of the LF were 85.90, 1.91, 0.30, 1.04, and 10.85%, respectively, and of the LF wine, 92.87, 1.70, 0.30, 0.15, and 5.17%, respectively. The total amino acids in the LF and the LF wine were 2,168 and 6,341 mg/kg, respectively. Palmitic acid (38.63%) was a major fatty acid in the crude fat of the LF, and oleic acid (76.24%) was a major fatty acid in the crude fat of the LF wine. The levels of potassium in the LF ($390.91{\pm}9.60mg/100g$) and the LF wine ($27.40{\pm}1.86mg/100g$) were higher than those of the other minerals. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of both the lotus flower water extract (LFW) and the lotus flower ethanol extract (LFE) were higher than those of the LF wine. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities and ORAC values were obtained from the LFW and the LFE. In conclusion, we found that the LF and the LF wine have potential as natural antioxidants due to their higher bioactive compound contents such as their total phenol and flavonoid contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1380-1387
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a mouthwash product with solid fermented oriental medicinal herb (OMH). Solid fermentation of magnolia, liquorice, and cnidium by Phellinus linteus mycelium was carried out successfully when 30% water was added to the medium, whereas 10% brown rice powder was required as an extra nutrient for solid fermentation of mint besides water. The amount of total phenol compounds and DPPH radical scavenging activity of OMH increased significantly (P<0.05) upon solid fermentation. Anti-microbial activities of fermented OMH also increased and were approximately 100-fold greater than those of unfermented samples. Oral pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, or Streptococcus mutans were used for determination of anti-microbial effects of OMH. Formulation of the mouthwash was developed based on the results of the sensory evaluation. Among seven formulas, the best formula chosen by the sensory evaluation was as follows: mouthwash prepared with 0.075% ethanol extract of solid fermented OMH as a main ingredient, 83.64% hot water extract of mint and clove (100:15, v/v) as a mouthwash base component, and other miscellaneous ingredients, including sodium fluoride, menthol, and surfactants. Data from a consumer's preference test with 30 participants, overall acceptance, and willingness to buy the product developed in this study were all significantly higher for the tested mouthwash compared to mouthwash on the market manufactured with OMH but with a different formula. Duration of freshness of the mouthwash after usage as determined by Breath Checker was not significantly different between the two samples, although the duration of our product was slightly longer than that of the commercial product mentioned above.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.929-937
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) (ethanol : DW=1:1, v/v) on inhibition of type 2 diabetes using an OLETF rat model via regulation of HbA1c and AGEs levels. Supplementation with ASE 0.1% and 0.5% effectively lowered levels of glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test, and Homa-insulin resistance, suggesting reduced insulin resistance. Blood levels of HbA1c and AGEs were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. As oxidative stress plays a key role in accelerating production of HbA1c and AGEs, which worsen symptoms of type 2 diabetes, levels of malonaldehyde and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Lipid peroxidation in both blood and liver tissues was significantly reduced, and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-${\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, which elevate production of HbA1c and AGEs, was inhibited (P<0.05). To evaluate the possible cellular events after AGEs receptor activation, genetic expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-${\delta}$ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Supplementation with both ASE 0.1% and 0.5% significantly inhibited mRNA expression of PKC-${\delta}$ and TGF-${\beta}$, indicating that ASE may have beneficial effects on preventing insulin-resistant cells or tissues from progressing to diabetic complications. Taken together, ASE has potential to improve type 2 diabetes by inhibiting insulin resistance and protein glycosylation, including production of HbA1c and AGEs. Anti-oxidative activities of ASE are a main requisite for reducing production of HbA1c and AGEs and are also related to regulation of the PKC signaling pathway, resulting in suppression of TGF-${\beta}$, which increases synthesis of collagen, prostaglandin, and disease-related proteins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant content and activities of ethanol extract of the edible flower Dianthus chinensis L. (DCE) as well as its inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages and growth and adhesion of human cancer cells. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid levels of DCE were 19.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 65.7 mg quercetin equivalent/g, and $95.0{\mu}g/g$, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of DCE at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 44% and 51%, respectively. In lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, treatment with DCE at concentrations of 500 and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in significantly reduced NO levels (to 7~23% of the control). In H1299 human lung carcinoma cells and HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells, treatment with DCE at concentrations of 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition. DCE was also effective in inhibiting adhesion of both H1299 cells (to 55% of the control at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) and HCT116 (to 26~40% of the control at concentrations of 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that DCE exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities in vitro.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2016

This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional composition, bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic assay of cancer cells on Rubus crataegifolius (RC) : R. crataegifolius from Jangseong (RC-J), R. crataegifolius from Hwaseong (RC-H), R. crataegifolius from Ulsan (RC-U), R. crataegifolius from Sunchang (RC-S), and R. crataegifolius from Pohang (RC-P). The peroximate composition had the largest amount of carbohydrate content among all kinds of RC. As far as the mineral contents of RC, Calcium comprised the highest amount ($996.6{\mu}g/g{\pm}0.8%$) and Natrium the lowest ($6.2{\mu}g/g{\pm}1.0%$). A total of 26 kinds of free amino acids and 18 kinds of component amino acids were analyzed in RC. The results of electron donating were high scavenging effects of 80% in water extract (RC-UW) and 82.6% in ethanol extract (RC-UE) in $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration from RC-U. Also, the cytotoxic effects of cancer cells B16F10 (RC-UW and RC-PE), H1299 (RC-SW and RC-PE), and MCF-7 (RC-JW and RC-SE) appeared in RC. Therefore, we confirmed that new varieties may possibly be developed with functional materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1087-1096
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activity of extracts of fresh mushrooms. The components were extracted by hot water; subsequently, the hot-water extract was subjected to 60% ethanol precipitation to yield high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions. Total polyphenol contents, $\beta$-glucan contents, electron-donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, nitrite-scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inhibition of NO production of the mushroom extracts were measured using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer contained the highest levels of $\beta$-glucan (33.5% and 25.57%, respectively). Further, the LMW fractions of the Phellinus linteus contained the highest levels of polyphenols (233.23 mg/g). The EDA of LMW fractions (10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Agaricus bisporus were 80.74% and 51.35%, respectively. Further, SOD-like activities of the LMW fractions were high as compared to those of the HMW fractions. Nitrite-scavenging activities of the LMW fractions (pH 1.2; concentration, 10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer were 75.95% and 41.05%, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of the LMW fractions of all mushrooms showed no enzyme activity by fibrin plate assay. The fibrinolytic activity of the extracts of Tricholoma matsutake was the greatest inhibitory activity at 60.4%. Further study revealed that the mushroom extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. The LMW fraction ($500\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the Phellinus linteus considerably inhibited NO production (100%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.608-614
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• 2013

We investigated the anti-wrinkle activity of an 80% ethanol extract of Curdrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL80) on ultraviolet-induced photoaging in hairless mice. Skin wrinkles were induced by 10 weeks of UVB-irradiation on the back of Skh-1 hairless mice three times a week. Mice were divided into ten groups; normal control (-UVB), UVB irradiated control group (+UVB), dietary groups (UVB+ascorbic acid 0.1%, UVB+CTL80 0.1%, UVB+CTL80 0.25%) and topical application groups (-UVB+base lotion (BL), UVB+BL, UVB+ascorbic acid 1%+BL, UVB+CTL80 1%+BL, UVB+CTL80 2%+BL). Wrinkle formation, histological changes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) were analyzed. Wrinkles for the +UVB groups formed as a pattern of deep furrows and thick crests. Wrinkles with CTL80 treatment formed as a pattern of shallow furrows and thin crests, with wrinkle areas were lower than the +UVB group. In an antioxidant analysis of mouse blood, SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly higher in the CTL80 topical application group compared to the +UVB group. The mRNA expression of MMPs in the +UVB group was significantly higher than the normal control group, and significantly lower in the CTL80-treated group. In conclusion, CTL80 exerted anti-wrinkle activity on ultraviolet-induced photoaging by regulating antioxidative defense systems and MMPs expression.