References
- Lee CB. 2003. Coloured flora of Korea. 1st ed. Hyang Mun Sa, Seoul, Korea. p 317.
- Park YJ, Kim HJ, Byun KS, Kim SJ, Chon SY, Heo BG, Lee SS, Park SH. 2005. Kinds and characteristics of edible flowers marketed as food material in Korea. Korean J Community Living Sci 16: 47-57.
- Oh SD. 2003. A literature review on the cooking methods and actual applications of edible flower. MS Thesis. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. p 4-10,31-56.
- Lee SY. 2014. Studies on functional components and preference in edible flowers. MS Thesis. Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. p 65.
- Li HY, Koike K, Ohmoto T, Ikeda K. 1993. Dianchinenosides A and B, two new saponins from Dianthus chinensis. J Nat Prod 56: 1065-1070. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50097a009
- Li HY, Koike K, Ohmoto T. 1994. Triterpenoid saponins from Dianthus chinensis. Phytochemistry 35: 751-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90599-5
- Nho KJ, Chun JM, Kim HK. 2012. Ethanol extract of Dianthus chinensis L. induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in vitro. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2012: 573527.
- Kim CJ, Kang BH, Ryoo IJ, Park DJ, Lee HS, Kim YH, Yoo ID. 1996. Screening of biologically active compounds from various weeds. Agric Chem Biotechnol 39: 409-413.
- Lim JD. 2000. Expression of tobacco glutathione S-trasferase gene in transgenic Dianthus superbus L. MS Thesis. Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. p 44.
- Choi YH, Jung HS, Cho MJ, Song MY, Seo HH, Moh SH. 2014. Efficacy of callus induced from Ullengdo niche plants for skin protection. J Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Soc 15: 5070-5077. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2014.15.8.5070
- Tong Y, Luo JG, Wang R, Wang XB, Kong LY. 2012. New cyclic peptides with osteoblastic proliferative activity from Dianthus superbus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 1908-1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.058
- Reid-Adam J, Yang N, Song Y, Cravedi P, Li XM, Heeger P. 2013. Immunosuppressive effects of the traditional Chinese herb Qu Mai on human alloreactive T cells. Am J Transplant 13: 1159-1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12180
- Shin JA, Kim JJ, Choi ES, Shim JH, Ryu MH, Kwon KH, Park HM, Seo JY, Lee SY, Lim DW, Cho NP, Cho SD. 2013. In vitro apoptotic effects of methanol extracts of Dianthus chinensis and Acalypha australis L. targeting specificity protein 1 in human oral cancer cells. Head Neck 35: 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23072
- Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39: 44-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
- Medzhitov R. 2008. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454: 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07201
- McGeer PL, McGeer EG. 2004. Inflammation and the degenerative diseases of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1035: 104-116. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1332.007
- Coussens LM, Werb Z. 2002. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420: 860-867. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01322
- Libby P. 2006. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 456S-460S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.2.456S
- Statistics Korea. 2014. 2013 cause of death statistics. Statistics Korea, Daejeon, Korea. p 9-10.
- Peter B, Bernard L. 2008. World Cancer Report 2008. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Geneva, Switzerland. p 42-43.
- World Health Organization. 2012. World health statistics 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. p 80-81.
- Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2012. Ministry of health and welfare statistical year book 2012. Ministry of Health & Welfare, Seoul, Korea. p 8-9.
- Amin AR, Kucuk O, Khuri FR, Shin DM. 2009. Perspectives for cancer prevention with natural compounds. J Clin Oncol 27: 2712-2725. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.6235
- Bode AM, Dong Z. 2009. Cancer prevention research-then and now. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2646
- McCullough ML, Giovannucci EL. 2004. Diet and cancer prevention. Oncogene 23: 6349-6364. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207716
- Singleton VL, Rossi Jr JA. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16: 144-158.
- Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64: 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
- Wellburn AR. 1994. The spectral determination of chlorophyll a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol 144: 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81192-2
- Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT -Food Sci Technol 28: 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Benzie IF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239: 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
-
Ju J, Kwak Y, Hao X, Yang CS. 2012. Inhibitory effects of calcium against intestinal cancer in human colon cancer cells and
$Apc^{Min/+}$ mice. Nutr Res Pract 6: 396-404. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.5.396 -
Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR. 1982. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [
$^{15}N$ ]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(82)90118-X - Matsuura N, Miyamae Y, Yamane K, Nagao Y, Hamada Y, Kawaguchi N, Katsuki T, Hirata K, Sumi S, Ishikawa H. 2006. Aged garlic extract inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. J Nutr 136: 842S-846S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.3.842S
- National Academy of agricultural Science. 2009. Tables of food functional composition. 1st ed. Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. p 201.
- Kim SM, Kim DY, Park HR, Seo JH, Yeom BY, Jin YJ, Pyo YH. 2014. Screening the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of extracts derived from five varieties of edible spring flowers. Korean J Food Sci Technol 46: 13-18. https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2014.46.1.13
- Lee MK, Park JS, Song HJ, Chon SU. 2014. Effects of polyphenol and catechin levels on antioxidant activity of several edible flower extracts. Korean J Plant Res 27: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2014.27.2.111
- Park YH, Lim SH, Kim HY, Park MH, Lee KJ, Kim KH, Kim YG, Ahn YS. 2011. Biological activities of extracts from flowers of Angelica gigas Nakai. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 40: 1079-1085. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.8.1079
-
Willeaume V, Kruys V, Mijatovic T, Huez G. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-
$\alpha$ production induced by viruses and by lipopolysaccharides in macrophages: similarities and differences. J Inflamm 46: 1-12. -
Su YW, Chiou WF, Chao SH, Lee MH, Chen CC, Tsai YC. 2011. Ligustilide prevents LPS-induced iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages by preventing ROS production and down-regulating the MAPK, NF-
${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 11: 1166-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.014 -
Yang DJ, Chang YY, Lin HW, Chen YC, Hsu SH, Lin JT. 2014. Inhibitory effect of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells through NF-
${\kappa}B$ , ERK, and JAK2/STAT3 inactivation. J Agric Food Chem 62: 3458-3465. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5003705 - Hu C, Kitts DD. 2005. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and prevents lipid oxidation in vitro. Phytomedicine 12: 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.012
- Ho SC, Hwang LS, Shen YJ, Lin CC. 2007. Suppressive effect of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flowers on nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. J Agric Food Chem 55: 10664-10670. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0721186
- Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2011. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144: 646-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
- Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM. 2004. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 239-267. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121851
- An BJ, Lee CE, Son JH, Lee JY, Choi GH, Park TS. 2005. Antioxidant, anticancer and tyrosinase inhibition activities of extracts from Rhododendron mucronulatum T. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 48: 280-284.
Cited by
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide Extract of Dianthus carmelitarum Induces S Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells vol.71, pp.7, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2019.1598563