• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.195-195
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• 2003

It is well known that diesel exhaust particulate matter contains mutagenic PAHs, such as benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene, benz[${\alpha}$]anthracene, chrysene, etc. Therefore it is suspected that these chemicals act on estrogen receptor and reveal endocrine-disrupting effects. Recent attention has focused on causative chemicals of endocrine-disrupting effects. We examined the estrogenic activity of respirable diesel exhaust particulate matter derived from diesel powered vehicle. PM2.5 diesel exhaust of vehicle was collected using a high volume sampler equipped with a cascade impactor. Diesel exhaust samples were fractionated according to EPA methods. The presence of estrogenic and antiestrogenic chemicals in PM 2.5 diesel exhaust was determined using E-screen assay. To quantitatively assess the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in diesel exhaust particulate matter, estradiol equivalent concentration (bio-EEQ) was calculated by comparing the concentration response curve of the sample with those of the estrogen calibration curve. Weak estrogenic activities and strong antiestrogenic activities were detected in the crude extract and moderately polar fractions. Higher antiestrogenic potency was observed with higher EROD activities in aliphatic and aromatic compounds fraction. In conclusion, estrogenic/antiestrogenic-like activities were present in diesel exhaust particulate matter. However, the health consequences of this observation was unknown, the presence of these activities may contribute to and exacerbate adverse health effect evoked by diesel exhaust particulate matter.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

Vitellogenin (Vtg), a phospholipoglycoprotein precursor of egg yolk is synthesized and secreted from the liver in response to estrogens in female fish. Vtg is normally undetectable in the blood of male fish, but can be induced by exposure to chemicals possessing estrogenic activity. Thus, the presence of Vtg in blood of male fish can serve as a useful biomarker for assessing previous exposure to estrogenic compounds. In the present study, Vtg was abnormally expressed in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus using estradiol benzoate ($E_2$). As the result, it was found that the level of Vtg in blood from R. oxycephalus was increased by treated quantity of $E_2$ with dose-effect manner. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against Vtg of R. oxycephalus. The hybridoma were screened with an enzyme immunoassay for the production of specific anti-Vtg antibodies. Five positive cell lines with a high specificity were selected. Monoclonal antibodies against vtg of R. oxycephalus that was developed in this study, may be a useful bio-indicator for the detection of estrogenic contamination in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2015

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are the most common pesticides which are recently used for indoor pest control. The widespread use of SPs has resulted in the increased exposure to wild animals and humans. Recently, some SPs are suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and have been assessed for their potential estrogenicity by adopting various analyzing assays. In this study, we examined the estrogenic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) and cypermethrin (CP), the most commonly used pesticides in Korea, using BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). To evaluate the estrogenic activities of two SPs, LC and CP, we employed MTT assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in LC or CP treated BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. In MTT assay, LC ($10^{-6}M$) and CP ($10^{-5}M$) significantly induced the growth of BG-1 cancer cells. LC or CP-induced cell growth was antagonized by addition of ICI 182,720 ($10^{-8}M$), an ER antagonist, suggesting that this effect appears to be mediated by an ER-dependent manner. Moreover, RT-PCR results showed that transcriptional level of cyclin D1, a cell cycle-regulating gene, was significantly up-regulated by LC and CP, while these effects were reversed by co-treatment of ICI 182,780. However, p21, a cyclin D-ckd-4 inhibitor gene, was not altered by LC or CP. Moreover, $ER{\alpha}$ expression was not significantly changed by LC and CP, while down-regulated by E2. Finally, in xenografted mouse model transplanted with human BG-1 ovarian cancer cells, E2 significantly increased the tumor volume compare to a negative control, but LC did not. Taken together, these results suggest that LC and CP may possess estrogenic potentials by stimulating the growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells via partially ER signaling pathway associated with cell cycle as did E2, but this estrogenic effect was not found in in vivo mouse model.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2019

본 연구는 하수종말처리장의 용존성 방류수 유기물질이 비스페놀 A (BPA)의 흡착과 에스트로겐 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 특이적 자외선 흡수 (SUVA)와 형광 지수 (FI) 분석 결과, 방류수 유기물질은 참조물질로 사용한 스와니강 자연 유기물질과는 달리 미생물 기원의 비휴믹성 유기물질 특성을 나타내었다. Langmuir와 Freundlich 모델 모두 방류수 및 자연 유기물질에 대한 BPA의 흡착을 잘 설명하였다. 방류수 유기물질은 자연 유기물질 보다 더 높은 BPA 흡착능을 보여주었고, 이에 따라 에스트로겐 활성 역시 더 많이 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과들은 유기물질의 기원에 따라 BPA 흡착능과 에스트로겐 활성 저감이 크게 영향을 받는 다는 것을 제시한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.318-327
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• 2017

Background: A typical sewage treatment plant is designed for organic and nutrient removal from municipal sewage water and not targeted to eliminate micropollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and nano-sized metals which become a big concern for sustainable human and ecological system and are mainly discharged from sewage treatment plant. Therefore, despite contaminant removal by wastewater treatment processes, there are still remaining environmental risks by untreated pollutants in STP (sewage treatment plant) effluents. This study performed aquatic toxicity tests of raw wastewater and treated effluents in two sewage treatment plants to evaluate toxicity reduction by wastewater treatment process and analyze concentration of contaminants to reveal potential toxic factors in STP effluents. Methods: Water samples were collected from each treatment steps of two STPs, and acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted following USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines. Endpoints were immobility for mortality and reproduction effect for estrogenicity. Results: Acute $EC_{50}s$ (median effective concentration) of influents for Seungki (SK) and Jungnang (JN) STPs are $54.13{\pm}32.64%$ and $30.38{\pm}24.96%$, respectively, and reduced to $96.49{\pm}7.84%$ and 100%. Acute toxicity reduction was clearly correlated with SS (suspended solids) concentration because of filter feeding characteristics of test organisms. Chronic toxicity tests revealed that lethal effect was reduced and low concentration of influents showed higher number of neonates. However, toxicity reduction was not related to nutrient removal. Fecundity effect positively increased in treated wastewater compared to that in raw wastewater, and no significant differences were observed compared to the control group in JN final effluent implying potential effects of estrogenic compounds in the STP effluents. Conclusions: Conventional wastewater treatment process reduced some organics and nutritional compounds from wastewater, and it results in toxicity reduction in lethal effect and positive reproductive effect but not showing correlation. Unknown estrogenic compounds could be a reason causing the increase of brood size. This study suggests that pharmaceutical residues and nanoparticles in STP effluents are one of the major micropollutants and underline as one of estrogenic effect factors.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2007년도 춘계 학술대회
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• pp.28-28
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• 2007

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.667-672
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• 2015

저성장 어린이들을 대상으로 하는 성장호르몬 치료는 다양한 부작용과 투여과정의 스트레스로 인한 환자 순응도 감소, 고가의 치료 비용 등의 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 이유로 부작용 발생의 위험성이 작고 낮은 비용으로 어린이의 성장에 도움을 줄 수 있는 천연물 유래 기능성 소재 개발에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 성적으로 미성숙 상태인 어린이를 대상으로 한다는 점, 에스트로겐에 의한 뼈 성장과 성조숙증 발병기전 연관성, 천연물에 존재하는 다양한 식물성 에스트로겐의 영향으로 안전성에 대한 우려가 존재하는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 앞선 연구를 통하여 뼈 성장 촉진 효과가 확인된 시험물질의 안전성을 확인하기 위하여 난소를 절제한 실험동물에 시험물질을 4주간 투여한 후 시험물질이 식물성 에스트로겐으로 작용하여 성조숙증과 성장호르몬 이상을 일으킬 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 실험 결과 난소 절제로 인한 체중증가, 혈중 지질 농도의 증가, 자궁 벽 두께의 감소 등이 나타남을 확인하였으며 시험물질의 4주 투여가 이러한 변화에 영향을 끼치지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 혈중 에스트로겐 농도, 혈중 성장호르몬 농도를 분석한 결과 시험물질 투여가 아무런 영향을 주지 않음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 백수오와 한속단 동량 혼합물이 생체 내에서 식물성 에스트로겐으로 작용하지 않는다는 것을 의미하며 반복투여에 의한 성장호르몬 이상을 일으키지 않는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.207-210
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• 2007

The study was designed to determine the estrogenic effect of some penicillins on endocrine function in adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Vitellogenin (Vtg) produced in male fish has been used for a biomarker to study endocrine disrupters. $17\beta-estradiol\;(E_2)$ was used a positive control that was induced Vtg in male fish. Result of total protein qantification and ELISA for female and male fish were exposed to $17\beta-estradiol$ 10ng/ml for $3\sim5$ days. As a result, male fish exposed to amoxicillin respectively appeared 0.75, 0.23, 8.21 and $9.36\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. Male fish exposed to ampicillin respectively appeared 1.85, 4.68, 0.85 and $39.59\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. This study is one of the first reports suggesting potential endocrine disruption of some penicillins in aquatic ecosystem. These results suggest that vitellogenin and estrogen receptor induction patterns alter in male medaka treated with selected estrogenic compounds, and that these results may be useful molecular biomarkers for screening estrogenic EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) in the shortest possible time.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2006

Genistein is a potent, plant-derived isoflavone that displays estrogenic activity at low concentrations but inhibits proliferation at high amounts. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein is not completely understood. In the present study, the biphasic effects (estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity) of genistein on the growth of MCF-7 cells were identified. Genistein within a low range of concentration, $1-10\;{\mu}M$, stimulated proliferation, while $50-100\;{\mu}M$ caused apoptotic cell death. Additionally, genistein at a low concentration induced estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene expression and ER phosphorylation. When pre-treated with PD98059, an MEK inhibitor, ER-mediated gene expression and ER phosphorylation by genistein were noticeably increased. However, the increased gene expression and phosphorylation did not enhance cell proliferation. Moreover, it was observed that ER-mediated signaling performs an important role in the MAPK pathway. The proliferation and apoptosis in genistein-treated MCF-7 cells were partially dependent on the Bcl-2 level. The addition of IC1 182, 780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, inhibited Bcl-2 expression induced by genistein. This study suggests that there is a close relationship between Bcl-2 and the ER signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2016

본 연구는 자외선 광분해에 의한 비스페놀 A (BPA)의 에스트로겐 활성 저감에 미치는 하수처리장 방류수 유기물질의 영향을 조사하였다. 방류수 유기물질과 표준으로 사용한 스와니강 자연 유기물질은 극성에 따라 소수성, 반친수성, 친수성 분획으로 분리하였다. 특이 자외선 흡수 (SUVA) 분석 결과, 방류수 유기물질은 높는 소수성을 가지고 있는 자연 유기물질과 다르게 소수성이 낮은 미생물 기원 유기물질과 유사한 특성을 나타내었다. 3시간의 자외선 조사는 방류수 및 자연 유기물질의 극성에 따라 SUVA 값을 유의하게 감소시켰다 (p<0.0001). 유기물질이 없는 조건에서, BPA($5.0{\times}10^{-5}M$)의 상대 에스트로겐 활성도는 자외선 광분해에 의해 86%에서 63%로 감소하였다. 그러나 유기물질이 있는 조건에서 상대 에스트로겐 활성도는 평균적으로 68%에서 37%로 감소하였으며, 유기물질의 종류 (방류수 또는 자연유기물질) 및 극성 (소수성, 반친수성, 친수성)과 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다 (p>0.05). 결과적으로, 유기물질이 있고 없는 조건에서 자외선 광분해에 의해 감소한 BPA의 상대 에스트로겐 활성도는 각각 31%와 23%였으며, 이것은 방류수와 자연 유기물질 모두 광분해에 의한 BPA의 에스트로겐 활성 저감을 촉진시킨다는 것을 제시한다.