• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the mechanism of red-colored phenomena(RCP) in ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), distribution of inorganic elements of ginseng root and its surrounding soil, and microflora in the soil were investigated. Red brown colored-substances were accumulated in the cell wall of epidermis at early stage of red-colored ginseng (RCG). Cell wall of the late stage of RCG was disordered and microorganisms were shown in the disordered cell wall. Al, Si and Fe contents among inorpanic elements in the epidermis of RCG were higher at two or three times than that of healthy ginseng. On the other hand, K content was higher at three times in healthy ginseng than that of RCG. Especially, Fe content was higher at three times in lateral roots of RCG than that of healthy ginseng. Total 21 strains of microorganisms were isolated on the 523 medium from surface soil, surrounding soil of both healthy and RCG, and RCG. Six strains of microorganisms among them were resistant to 2 mM Fe. Two species in Bacillus app. and Lactobacillus app. , and one species in Micrococcus sp. and Npisseria sp. respectively were identified. It seemed that RCP was closely related with the distribution and uptake of inorganic elements, was also correlated Fe-independent metabolism of microorganisms.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.161-161
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• 2003

The cutaneous network of unmyelinated nerve fibers is extremely dense, and closely interacts with the many cell types present in dermis and epidermis, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes. Cell communication involves various neuroendocrine factors, with cell differentiating and proliferative activities, or inflammatory properties. Thus, nervous cells in the skin not only create a sensory system connected to the central nervous system, but also mediate many of the biological activities of the skin.(omitted)

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 1994

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the epidermis of the rat scalp, following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. Rats anesthetized with sodium thiopental, were exposed only on their head areas with a single dose of 3,000rads or 6,000rads, respectively. Radiation was produced by Mitsubishi Linea Accelerator ML-4MV at the speed of 200rads/min. The target distance was 80cm. Animals were sacrificed on six hours, two days and six days following irradiation. By the perfusion fixation through the heart, rats were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution. Pieces of the tissue taken from the scalp were refixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded within araldite mixture. The sections were cut on a LKB-V ultratome, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and were observed with JEM 100CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. Six hours after exposure to 3,000rads of X-ray. Disrupted intercellular spaces, within which some amorphous materials were filled, disrupted mitochondria, and vacuoles in the keratinocytes were frequently observed, but six days after exposure to 3,000rads of X-ray, Morphology of the keratinocytes was generally restored. 2. Many of the morphological changes were seen on the six days after exposure to 6,000rads of X-ray. 3. Widened intercellular spaces and thickened dense plaques of the desmosomes were frequently observed after exposure to 6,000rads of X-ray. 4. In the experimental groups, the Langerhans and the Merkel cells were damaged, similarly to the keratinocyte. Above results suggest that head irradiation with the dose of 3,000rads temporarily damaged the epidermis of the scalp, though most of the structures recover within six days, whereas with the dose of 6,000rads it severely damaged the epidermis without showing any recovering tendency.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.230-237
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• 2010

Histological observation on the seasonal variation of mucus cells of the mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis inhabiting a natural stream was carried out on three skin regions (dorsal, lateral and occiput) from March 2008 to February 2009. Our results showed no differences in general morphology by season, but the mucus cells of the epidermis showed significant seasonal change in their size and number as the water temperature changed. The ratio of surface area of the mucus cell layer and mucus cells, and the number of mucus cells in surface area of the epidermis were the greatest in the cold winter and the least in the hot summer in all regions of the epidermis. In particular, the occiput seemed to be a very sensitive region in response to environmental change, showing wide fluctuations in the size of mucus cells throughout the year and a great change in between seasons, especially from late autumn to early winter when the temperature decreased. As the temperature became colder, a small and spherical-shaped mucus cell was transformed into a large and elongated columnar form with a lot of secreted mucus material in a superficial layer of the epidermis. From our results, we can safely surmise that cold temperature is an important environmental factor having a close relationship with the modification of mucus cells of M. mizolepis in winter.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2010

We have examined the histological changes of skin during hair follicle growth after depilation in C57BL/6N mice. We first studied on histological changes of number of mast cells and thickness of skin during hair follicle growth periods (telogen, 1 day, 3 day, 5 day, 10 day, 14 day, 17 day and 21 day after depilation) by toluidine blue, Giemsa and H&E staining methods. We second studied immunoreactive density of cytokines and Brdu labeled cells in skin during hair follicle growth periods after depilation in C57BL/6N mice by immunohistochemical methods. The histological changes on skin thickness was increased from telogen to 14 day. The number of mast cells was decreased in 3,5 and 10 day and increased in 14, 17 and 20 day after depilation. Immunoreactive density of cytokines [protein kinase C-${\alpha}$ (PKC-${\alpha}$), c-kit, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] in 1, 3, 5, 10, and 14 day after depilation was mildly stained in bulge and cutaneous trunci m., but immunoreactive density of cytokines in 17 and 21 day was heavily stained in epidermis, bulge, outer root sheath (ORS), inner root sheath (IRS) and cutaneous trunci m.. Immunoreactive density of Brdu labeled cells in skin in 1 and 3 day was heavily stained in bulge, epidermis and connective tissue under the cutaneous trunci m.. In all periods, immunoreactive density of Brdu labeled cells in skin was heavily stained in bulge, subcutaneous tissue, cutaneous trunci m, ORS and IRS. These experiments suggest that histological changes related to hair follicle growth elevated mast cell counts, skin thickness and epidermis thickness and heavily stained immunoreactive density of cytokines and Brdu labeled cutaneous trunci m. and connective tissue under the cutaneous trunci m. after depilation in C57BL/6N mice.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2008

Morphology and distribution of the minute tubercles projected on the skin surface of larvae with its development were observed in the Korean bitterling, Acheilognathus somjinensis. The minute tubercles appeared to be two distinct morphologies, hemispheric or scaly and vestigial structures. Just after hatching, the epidermis of the larvae consists of a thin single cell layer having smaller basophilic flat or round-flattened basal cells. As the larvae grow, the epidermis contains more small flat cells and large epidermal cells which are round and hemispheric, or scaleshaped, called minute tubercles. They are distributed over the anterior part and most part of yolk sac, posterior region of yolk sac and the body region. Vestigial epidermal cells, another minute tubercle, occur only in the caudal fin-fold region, which they are shrunken and flattened, causing the cell boundary to be unclear. They increase in number and height from just to 5 days after hatching, but they become reduced as the larvae develop gradually. The required time for those disappearance was different each by regional body: at day 20 after hatching in the anteriormost part of yolk sac, and day 11 after hatching in the posterior part of yolk sac and the body, and day 21 after hatching in two regions such most part of the yolk sac and the caudal finfold regions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.353-359
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' is one of the most popular peach varieties in Korea. This study was conducted to monitor the developments of cells and tissues, and the changes in sugar contents during fruit growth and development. At bloom, there were two rows of vascular tissues, and the number and the position of internal vascular bundles were consistent during the fruit growth, however, the number of vascular tissues were increased and the distribution was irregular in the flesh tissues. The tissues between the inner integument and the internal vascular bundles showed different development characteristics from other parenchyma cells which were consisted of small and dense cells containing tannins. Such observation suggested that the stone of peach was consisted of inner epidermis and cells in the internal vascular tissues. The outer epidermis consisted of single layer cells at bloom differrentiated into 1-2 layers by horizontal cell divisions on 14 days after full bloom. On 30 days after full bloom, the epidermis was consisted of 5-6 layers by vertical cell divisions. The cell layers consisting the outer epidermis were gradually decreased to 1-2 layers at maturity. The observations on the changes in the epidermis confirmed that some of the cells consisting the hypodermis of peach fruit were originated from the cells of outer epidermis. Tylosis was observed from 35 days after full bloom and the size and number of tylosis were increased until full fruit maturity. The sucrose content showed the tendency of sharp increase from 50 days to 120 days after full bloom then decrease slightly. After when stone hardening ended, other solids showed a gradual decrease tendency from 80 days after full bloom.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of 'Manpungbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through the seasonal changes of pericarp structure and anatomical differences between bagging and non-bagging treatment, and also fruit quality and peel coloration characteristics at the harvest time. The pericarp at full bloom was consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior. The cell layers from the outer epidermis to vascular bundle increased rapidly 7-10 layers to 18-26 layers from full bloom (FB) to 77 days after full bloom (DAFB) and did not change significantly until maturity. Thus, the cell division period of 'Manpungbae' pear was until 77 DAFB and during this period, the thickness from hypodermis to vascular bundle increased from $73.1{\mu}m$ to $195{\mu}m$ in this period. Stone cells were formed from seven to 21 DAFB and stone cell clusters were formed around 49 DAFB. The cork cell layer was formed between 49 and 77 DAFB. 'Manpungbae' fruit pericarp was consists of 4.5 layers of the cork cell layers and seven layers of hypodermis which has the tannin at harvest time (161 DAFB). Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by bagging or non-bagging showed that 'Manpungbae' fruits without bagging had more than three cork cell layer than those with bagging at maturity. The size of stone cell clusters were varied in two treatments. Fruit weight was higher in the non-bagging treatment but there was no difference in soluble solid contents (SSC) between two treatments. The weight of the 'Manpunbae' fruit was distributed from 301 g to more 900 g and the average fruit weight was 677.2 g at harvest time, and fruits in the range of 551-800 g accounted for 71.6% of total production. The SSC, acidity and SSC/acidity ratio was $10.2-12.1^{\circ}Brix$, 0.10-1.24% and 9.76-14.31 respectively, and the SSC was higher in bigger fruit which had a very higher positive correlation with a fruit weight. However, the fruit firmness tended to be lower with fruit size which had a very higher negative correlation with the fruit weight and SSC. The cork cell layer numbers between yellowish brown and green pericarp were not different significantly, in 3.8 and 3.5 respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1974

Author has studied and reported on taxonomy of Korean sedges, using gross morphology, anatomy and epidermal patterns of the leaf blades(1969, 1971, 1973, 1974). This paper is the 6th report of epidermal patterns of leaf blade on sedges and includes 5 genera, Eriophorum, Fuirena, Kobresia, Rhynchospora and Scirpus. The author proposed to find epidermal patterns of leaf blades as an important taxonomic characteristic of sedges classification. The result of this study, the elements of leaf epidermis, subsidal cells, silica body, cell wall of long cell, prickles, and arrangement of the elements are considered to be significant characteristics for the identification and classification of sedge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.824-830
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• 2008

Sodium hydroxide (SH) or ammonium bicarbonate (AB) were applied to rice straw to investigate the effects on histological change of stem tissue or cell wall before and after in sacco degradation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM revealed that, the parenchyma and vascular bundles were distorted by treatment with SH at 30 or 45 g/kg straw dry matter. Faultage between phloem of large vascular bundles and parenchyma occurred with further increasing SH to 60 or 75 g/kg. The cell wall in these stem tissues was crimped when observed by TEM. However, only parenchyma and large vascular tissues were slightly distorted in AB-treated stem. For untreated and AB-treated stems, the initiation of observable ruminal degradation of cell wall was prolonged from 12 h for inner parenchyma to 24 h for sclerenchyma and to 48 h for phloem of small vascular bundles, while the outer epidermis was intact even at 72 h. For SH-treated stem, however, the cell wall from all of the investigated tissues, epidermis, small vascular bundles, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma started to be degraded at 12 h incubation. These results indicate that SH treatment contracts rice straw stem leading to an improvement in rumen degradation, and that the degradation of SH-treated stem is bilateral from inner and outer surface simultaneously.