• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

목적: 40세 이상 한국 성인남녀에서 수정체의 혼탁 종류에 따른 백내장의 유형별 유병률을 산출하고 교정시력을 알아보았다. 방법: 제4기 국민건강영양조사(NHANES) 중 2009년 자료를 이용하여 인구 기반 단면 연구로 디자인하였다. 40세-95세까지 총 4,977명에 대해 연령과 성별에 따라 층화하여 백내장의 유병률과 수정체 혼탁의 종류에 따른 유병률을 조사하였다. 전체 대상자의 평균 연령은 $58.28{\pm}12.07$세 였고, 남자가 2,142명(43.0%), 여자가 2,835명(57.0%)이었다. 교정시력은 0.63 미만인 경우를 산출하였다. 결과: 전체대상자 4,977명 중에서 현재 백내장이 있는 경우는 40.6%(남자 17.5%, 여자 23.1%)로 나타났다. 백내장의 유형별 유병률은 핵형(56.3%), 피질형(23.4%), 혼합형(16.2%), 전낭하(3.0%), 후낭하(1.1%) 순으로 나타났다. 유형별 남녀의 차이는 없었고, 모든 연령대에서 핵형이 가장 많았다. 전낭하 백내장은 대부분의 경우에서 교정시력이 0.63 미만으로 낮았다. 결론: 핵형 백내장의 유병률이 가장 높았고, 수정체의 혼탁을 고려한 역학 연구와 예방 정책의 수립이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.502-507
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the genetic influence of mandibular prognathism epidemiologically in Korean families. Materials and Methods: Over a 5-year period from 2005 to 2009, a questionnaire with a pedigree chart was given to 100 (male 51, female 49) probands with skeletal Class III mandibular prognathism, who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Samsung Medical Center. Results: The average age of the probands was 22.1. The average SNA, SNB and ANB angles of the probands were $81.2^{\circ}$, $84.1^{\circ}$ and $-2.9^{\circ}$, respectively. A total of 2729 (male 1,354, female 1,375) family members were examined, and the affected ratio of the families was 3.5% with no significant difference between genders. 45% of families had at least one member with a Class III malocclusion other than the proband. The affected ratio of the first-degree relatives (10.9%) was significantly higher than those of the second-degree (3.3%) and third-degree (1.9%) relatives. The affected ratio of the total relatives from the male probands (4.2%) was significantly higher than that of the female probands (2.8%). Heritability ($h^2$, Falconer' method) was estimated to be 29.8% ($0.298{\pm}0.059$) in first-degree relatives. Conclusion: These results showed the significant influence of mandibular prognathism with relatively low heritability in first-degree relatives in Korean families of probands, who had undergone orthognathic surgery to correct a skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9773-9779
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• 2014

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the prime causes of mortality around the globe, with a significantly rising incidence in the Middle East region in recent decades. Since detection of CRC in the early stages is an important issue, and also since to date there are no comprehensive epidemiologic studies depicting the Middle East region with special attention to the average risk group, further investigation is of significant necessity in this regard. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the colon in an average risk population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,208 eligible asymptomatic, average- risk adults older than 40 years of age, referred to Firuzgar Hospotal in the years 2008-2012, were enrolled. They underwent colonoscopy screening and all polypoid lesions were removed and examined by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist. The lesions were classified by size, location, numbers and pathologic findings. Size of lesions was measured objectively by endoscopists. Results: The mean age of participants was $56.5{\pm}9.59$ and 51.6% were male. The overall polyp detection rate was 199/1208 (16.5 %), 26 subjects having non-neoplastic polyps, including hyperplastic lesions, and 173/1208 (14.3%) having neoplastic polyps, of which 26 (2.15%) were advanced neoplasms. The prevalence of colorectal neoplasia was more common among the 50-59 age group. Advanced adenoma was more frequent among the 60-69 age group. The majority of adenomas were detected in the distal colon, but a quarter of advanced adenomas were found in the proximal colon; advance age and male gender was associated with the presence of adenoma. Conclusions: It seems that CRC screening among average-risk population might be recommended in countries such as Iran. However, sigmioidoscopy alone would miss many colorectal adenomas. Furthermore, the 50-59 age group could be considered as an appropriate target population for this purpose in Iran.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2016

Objectives The aim of this study done as pilot study is to analyze the current state of patients who have low back pain through registry. Methods This study is done under approval of Gil Oriental Medical Hospital of Gachon University, Oriental Medical Hospital of Sangji University, Jecheon Oriental Medical Hospital of Se-Myung University IRB. Among subjects who signed the consent form by their own will, we decided whom to register as subjects of this study by the standard of selection and exception. We collected the sociological investigation, character of low pack pain, degree of symptom which they felt before and after the hospitalization from registered subjects. Results 1. The number of the subjects is 16. The average age is 41.0. 9 of them are female, 7 of them are male. Most of the subjects have history illness which has connection with low pack pain. 2. According to the patient's free description of the back pain, 6 of them suffered throbbing pain. And 8 of the patients have chronic pain, 6 of them have intermittent pain of back pain analysing the character of the low back pain. They answered the pain lasted for 47.6 minutes on average. 3. About the change on the average R.O.M. of L-spine, R.O.M. of Lateral bending, Extension, Flexion, Rotation has increased after leaving the hospital compared with before hospitalization. 4. The amount of discomfort or strength of pain, which was checked by VAS on the day of leaving the hospital, has decreased than they were before the hospitalization. And there was the improvement on the dysfunction score and EQ-5D. Conclusions Through this study, we specifically analyzed the symptoms of the low back pain by accumulating the analysis about the symptoms using several indicators and description which is freely spoken by patients about their symptoms. Further research is expected to complete multi-center registry by building registry and by using it, to get various epidemiologic informations about low back pain.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2000

목 적: 설사 환아에서 rotavirus 장염의 빈도는 매우 높으며 rotavirs에 대한 예방 접종이 실용화되었으나 국내 rotavirus 혈청형 분포에 대한 체계적인 연구 결과는 매우 드물고, 혈청형의 정확한 분포비율도 아직까지는 알려져 있지 않다. Rotavirus 설사 환아의 G 혈청형 분포를 RT-PCR 기법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 6월부터 1999년 5월까지 설사를 주소로 내원 또는 입원한 소아 202명을 대상으로 하였다. 설사 시작 후 3일 이내의 대변을 채취하여 영하 $20^{\circ}C$의 냉동고에 보존하였다. EIA(TestPack Rotavirus, Abbott Laboratories)법으로 rotavirus 양성인 검체를 선별하였으며, 양성 반응을 보인 검체를 대상으로하여 RT-PCR을 이용하여 rotavirus G serotype을 결정하였다. 결 과: 총 202 검체 중에서 rotavirus 양성은 95례였으며, 이 중 serotype 판정이 가능했던 것은 50례이었다. G serotype 1이 5례(10%), 2 (G2)가 5례(10%), 3 (G3)가 14례(28%), 4 (G4)가 13례(26%), 9(G9)이 10례(20%)였으며, G1과 G9이 함께 있는 것과, G2과 G9이 함께 있는 것, G4와 G9이 함께 있는 경우가 각 1례씩 있었다. G8은 발견되지 않았다. 결 론: 국내에 기존에는 알려지지 않았던 G9이 상당수 있으며, 일반적으로 제일 많다고 알려진 G1보다 G3, G4가 더 많은 비율을 차지하는 등 이번 연구 결과는 기존에 발표되었던 자료와는 많은 상이점을 보인다. 이는 지역적인 요인 및 시기 상의 일시적인 현상이라고 볼 수도 있으나, 보다 정확한 역학적인 자료를 얻기 위해서는 보다 광범위하고 장기적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2005

In recent years, there is growing concern about the potential use of biological agents in war or acts of terrorism accompanied an increased realization that rapid preparedness and response are needed to prevent or treat the human damage that can be caused by these agents. The threat is indeed serious, and the potential for devastating numbers of casualties is high. The use of agents as weapons, even on a small scale, has the potential for huge social and economic disruption and massive diversion of regional and national resources to combat the threat, to treat primary disease, and to clean up environmental contamination. Biological weapons are one of weapons of mass destruction (or mass casualty weapons, to be precise. since they do not damage non-living entities) that are based on bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi or toxins produced by these organisms. Biological weapons are known to be easy and cheap to produce and can be used to selectively target humans, animals, or plants. Theses agents can cause large numbers of casualties with minimal logistical requirements (in wide area). The spread of disease cannot be controlled until there is awareness of the signs of infection followed by identification of agents; and if the organism is easily spread from person to person, as in the case of smallpox, the number of casualties could run into the tens of thousands. Biological weapons could be used covertly, there can be a lot of different deployment scenarios. A lot of different agents could be used in biological weapons. And, there are a lot of different techniques to manufacture biological weapons. Terrorist acts that make use of Biological Agents differ in a number of ways from those involving chemicals. The distinction between terrorist and military use of Biological Weapon is increasingly problematic. The stealthy qualities of biological weapons further complicate the distinction between terrorism and war. In reality, all biological attacks are likely to require an integrated response involving both military and civilian communities. The basic considerations when public health agencies establish national defence plan against bioterrorism must be 1) arraying various laws and regulations to meet the realistic needs, 2)education for public health personnels and support of concerned academic society, 3)information collection and cooperative project with other countries, 4)Detection and surveillance(Early detection is essential for ensuring a prompt response to biological or chemical attack, including the provision of prophylactic medicines, chemical antidotes, or vaccines) and 5) Response(A comprehensive public health response to a biological or chemical terrorist event involves epidemiologic investigation, medical treatment and prophylaxis for affacted persons, and the initiation of disease prevention or environmental decontamination measures). The purpose of this paper is providing basic material of preparedness and response for biological terrorism in modern society.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2001

Oral malodor is a problem that traverses history, culture, race and sex. But, up to the present the study on prevalence of oral malodor in normal popualtion is short, especially there is no study on oral malodor prevalence in Korean. In our study, we investigated self-evaluation of oral malodor, self-rating intensity of oral malodor, patients efforts for curing their oral malodor, and degree of satisfaction with their efforts. Investigation was carried out on 368 public Koreans resident in a big city(174 males, 194 females), by method of self-reporting to prepared questionnaire. There was no difference in self-reporting prevalence of oral malodor in sexes(57.5% in male, 58.8% in female), and the prevalence rate was increased with aging. Self-rating intensity of oral malodor in oral malodor patients group(by self-reporting) was ranked in order of slight, weak, middle, strong in both sexes, but the number of self-rating strong female group is significantly larger than that of self-rating strong male group(9.3% in male, 17.9% in female). In question on duration of oral malodor, most subjects answered that their oral malodor was developed in certain circumstances(61.3% in male, 76.3% in female), and oral malodor-developing circumstances was ranked in order of in the early morning, in hunger state, in fatigue, in stressful situations. Subjects effort for curing their oral malodor was ranked in order of more tooth brushing, gum chewing, use of commercial product for oral hygiene, visit dental clinic, and rates of no effort subjects were 15.3% in males and 10.7% in females. The degree of satisfaction with their efforts for curing their oral malodor was very low, only 5.6% of males and 6.6% of females were answered that there were satisfactory improvement in their oral malodor. Collectively, our result revealed that prevalence of oral malodor in public Koreans and their interest in oral malodor were much higher than our anticipation, and that patients satisfaction with improvement in oral malodor was short of their expectations. Considering the life quality of patients suffering from oral malodor, we conclude that developments of more improved diagnostic tools and treatment methods for oral malodor is indispensable in future.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2001

Objectives : To describe the characteristics of a mumps epidemic in Cheju-do, 1998 and to identify the risk factors associated with mumps infection. Methods : To estimate attack rate, previously collected data from the Nationally Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System and School Health Reporting System, temporarily administered by Division of Education. as well as additional surveillance data were used. In order to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with mumps, we conducted a questionnaire survey in 17 schools (9 elementary, 4 middle, and 4 high schools) among a population that included healthy students. Results : From March 3 to August 31, 2,195 cases of mumps were identified, and patients under 20 years of age accounted for 2,162 cases (attack rate 13.2, 95% CI 12.6-13.7/1,000). The attack rate for the population under 20 years of age was the highest in Nam county (44.7/1,000), nod in the 7-12 years old sub-group(>20.0/1,000). There was no sexual difference. 80.5% and 59.7% of patients presented periauricular and submandibular swelling respectively. Aseptic meningitis was a complication in 2.9% of cases, orchitis in 1.3%, epididymitis in 0.9% and oophoritis in 0.6% respectively. The overall MMR vaccination rate was 59.1% and it decreased in accordance with increasing age. In students aged 10 years old or below, household contact and MMR vaccination status was significantly associated with infection, and only among students with household contact, the risk of one dose MMR(OR=10.22, 95% CI 2.92-35.78) and non-vaccination (OR=11.62, 95% CI 1.96-68.96) was significantly greater when. compared with that of two dose vaccination. Among students aged 11 years old or above, household contact history was significantly associated and MMR vaccination status was not associated. Conclusions : Low vaccination rate and vaccine failure were thought to predispose the population for this large outbreak. To prevent sustained mumps outbreaks, a second MMR vaccination should be encouraged and catch up vaccinations should be given to elderly children who remain susceptible.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2005

목적: 2004년 7월 13일 경상북도 성주군 소재 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$중 정보고등학교에서 집단 설사증 환자가 발생하여 발생 원인을 추정하고, 예방 대책을 수립하기 위하여 본 역학조사를 수행하였다. 방법: 2004년 7월 14일 전체 학생 및 교직원 및 조리원 345명 중 275명(79.7%)에 대하여 보건요원 5명이 직접 면담을 통해 설문조사를 시행하였다. 역학조사와 동시에 145명에 대해 직장도말검사를 시행하였고, 보존식, 조리기구, 식수 등의 71건의 가검물을 경상북도보건환경연구원에 검사를 의뢰하였다. 또한 식수 공급경로와 급식소 내 환경에 대하여 오염 여부를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 장병원성대장균 설사증 환례의 정의는 설사를 1회 이상 경험하고, 열, 구토, 뒤무직 중 1개 이상의 증상이 있는 설사증 의심 사례와 배양검사에서 확진된 설사증 확진자로 하였다. 통계는 SPSS 10.0을 이용하여, chi-square검사 및 chi-square 경향검사를 시행하였고, 섭취 음식별 설사증 발병의 위험도는 Taylor series를 이용하여 산출하였다. 결과: 275명 중에서 확진자는 8명이었고, 이중 3명은 불현성 감염자이었다. 확진자 8명과 설사증 의심 사례 93명을 포함하여 장병원성대장균 설사증 환례는 101명으로 발병률은 36.7%이었고, 남녀 설사증 발병률의 차이는 없었다. 고등학생이 39.1%로 중학생20.4%보다 설사증 발병률이 높았으며(p<0.05), 중학생과 고등학생 각각 학년이 증가할수록 설사증 발병률이 높았다(p<0.05). 기타 가검물에서는 균이 배양되지 않았다. 학교에 공급되는 모든 식수에서는 염소가 검출되었고, 학생들은 정수기를 이용하거나 급식소 내에 끓여놓은 보리차를 음용하였다. 설사증 환자의 발생일별 분포는 7월 9일 첫 설사증 환자가 발생 후 7월12일에 최대로 발생하였고, 설사의 평균 횟수는 $5.1{\pm}4.5$(중앙값: 4, 최소: 1, 최대: 30)회이었고, 평균 설사 기간은 $2.1{\pm}1.1$(중앙값: 2, 최소: 1, 최대: 5)일이었다. 식수 섭취별 설사증 발병률은 유의하지 않았으나, 7월 7일 제공된 급식의 경우 비섭취자에 대한 섭취자의 비교위험도가 4.12(95% 신뢰구간 1.39-12.2)로 다른 일자의 급식에 비해 매우 높았으며, 최종적으로 급식될 때 익히지 않은 상태에서 제공되는 음식들 중 유의한 음식은 샐러드로 비교위험도가 1.66(95% 신뢰구간 1.07-2.57)이었다. 7일 점심때 제공된 급식이 오염되었다고 가정하여 추정한 평균 잠복기는 $5.0{\pm}1.1$일(중앙값: 5.1, 최소: 22일, 최대 : 7.3)일이었다. 결론: 이번 장병원성대장균 유행은 물의 오염에 의한 가능성은 거의 없으며, 불현성 감염자인 조리보조원이 최종적으로 익히지 않은 상태에서 제공되는 샐러드와 다른 음식들을 조리하면서 구멍 난 조리장갑을 사용하여 여러 종류의 음식이 오염되었을 가능성이 높다.