• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 1979

These experiments were conducted to investigate the conditions of the acid protease production by Rhizopus oryzae and the characteristics of crude enzyme. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum culture time and the optimum amount of added water to the wheat bran medium were about 48 hrs and $80{\sim}120%$, respectively. 2. The addition of $(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_{24},\;(NH_4)_2SO_4,\;NH_4NO_3$, casein, and albumin, respectively, as nitrogen sources to the wheat bran medium was effective. Of these, the optimum concentrations of addition of $(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_{24}$ and casein which were the most effective were 0.1% and 1.0%, respectively. 3. The addition of glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and soluble starch, respectively, as carbon sources to the wheat bran medium was effective. Of these, the optimum concentration of addition of glucose which was the most effective was 3.0%. 4. The addition of $KH_2PO_4$ as a phosphate salt to the wheat bran medium was effective. The optimum concentration of addition of $KH_2PO_4$ was 0.3%. 5. The optimum pH for the enzyme action was 2.4, the optimum temperature about $40^{\circ}C$, and the stable pH range $2.0{\sim}5.0$. The enzyme was stab1e below $40^{\circ}C$. 6. The enzyme activity increased rapidly for 10 minutes after addition, thereafter it increased slowly. 7. The enzyme activity increased rapidly to 2 ml of addition, but nearly did not increase at the amounts greater than 2ml.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2012

Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed esterification was carried out to produce functional hard fat (structured lipid, SL) using palm stearin (PS) and hydrolysate of pomegranate seed oil (HPSO) of 1:6 molar ratio. HPSO contained conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA, about 80%). The reaction was performed at non-solvent system and solvent (n-hexane) system using Lipozyme TL IM (10% of total substrates, w/w) for 12, 24, and 72 hr in a shaking water bath ($55^{\circ}C$ and 185 rpm), respectively. SL synthesized in non-solvent system (NH-SL) and SL synthesized in n-hexane system (H-SL) were refined after deacidification, respectively. Their physicochemical properties were compared to obtain desirable functional hard fat. The content of CLnA in NH-SL increased from 34.38% to 40.63% with increasing reaction time. Similar results also observed in H-SL resulting in 36.81~45.83% of CLnA. In triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, the main molecules of LnLnLn (Ln=linolenic acid, PN=36) and the LnLnP (P=palmitic acid, PN=40) were newly synthesized in NH-SL and H-SL with increasing reaction time. After 72 hr reaction, iodine values of NH-SL (136.49) and H-SL (140.37) showed high values because of the high content of CLnA. Solid fat index (SFI) in NH-SL was higher than that in H-SL at each measured temperature. The predominant polymorphic forms of NH-SL and H-SL obtained after esterification for 72 hr were the desirable crystalline structure of the ${\beta}$' form.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.251-264
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• 2003

This study was conducted to make on-site survey on the output pattern and utilization situation of 19 by-products selected, to evaluate their nutritional characteristics, to find out a reliable index with which digestion of by-products can be predicted on the basis of chemical compositions analyzed and to diagnose the risk of using book values in the absence of the actual values analyzed for diet formulation. Production and utilization situations of by-products were quite various. Nutritionally, fruit processing by-products such as apple pomace (AP), pear pomace (PP), grape pomace (GP), and persimmon peel (PSP), and bakery by-products (BB) were classified as energy feeds. Soybean curd meal (SCM), animal by- products such as blood (BD), feather meal (FM) and poultry by-products (PB), and activated milk processing sludge (AMS) were classified as protein feeds. Soy hulls (SH), spent mushroom compost (SMC), barley malt hulls (BMH), waste paper (WP) and broiler litter (BL) were classified as roughage. Rumen contents (RC) and restaurant food waste (FW) were nutritionally analogous to complete diets for cattle and swine, respectively. Compared to soybean meal (SBM), BD and FM contained high (P<0.05) levels of amino acids and barley malt sprouts (BMS), AMS and FW contained low (P<0.05) levels of amino acids. Enzymatic (pepsin) digestibilities of proteinaceous feeds ranged between 99 and 66%. In vitro DM digestibility was high (P<0.05) in the order of FW, BB, AP, SH, PP, PSP, BMH, BMS, SCM, GP, RC, PB, BL, WP, SMC, AMS, FM and BD. In vitro DM digestibility had the highest correlation (r=0.68) with nonfibrous carbohydrate among chemical components. Differences between analyzed values of chemical components and book values were considerable. Caution is required in using book values when large amount of by-products are used in diets.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.519-526
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• 1992

The gene coding for urease of alkalophilic Bacillus pasteurii had been cloned in Escherichia coli previously. The urease protein was purified 63.1-fold by TEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-150 and Sephadex G-200 chromatographies with a 7.3% yield from the sonicated fluid of the E. coli HB1Ol(pBUll) encoding B. pasteurii urease gene. The ureases of E. coli (pBUll) and B. pasteurii possessed as a $K_m$ for urea, 42.1 mM and 40.4 mM, respectively. They hydrolyzed urea with $V_{max}$ of 86.9$\mu$mol/min and 160$\mu$mol/min, respectively. Both ureases were composed with four subunits (Mrs 67,000) and a subunit (Mr 20,000). The molecular weight of both native enzymes was Mr 280,OOO$pm$10,000 determined by gel filtration chromatography and Coomassie blue staining of the subunits. The optimal reaction pH of both ureases were pH 7.5. The ureases were stabled in pH 5.5-10.5. The optimal reaction temperature of both ureases were $60^{\circ}C$, and the ureases were stable for an hour at $50^{\circ}C$, 40min at $60^{\circ}C$ and 10 min at $70^{\circ}C$ The activity of both enzymes were inhibited completely by $Ag^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and were inhibited 60% by CoH, 30% by $Fe^{2+}$ and 10% by $Pb^{2+}$. However it was increased by the addition of $Sn^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ at concentration of $1{\times}10^{-3}$M. Both ureases were inhibited completely by p-CMB and acetohydroxamic acid. The urease expressed in E. coli (pBU11) was inhibited 70% by SDS. The urease of B. pasteurii was inhibited 40% by hydroxyurea, whereas the recombinant urease of E. coli strain was inhibited 17%. Both enzymes were not inhibited by cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) and ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 1999

Background: In cardiac surgery, hypothermia is associated with a number of major disadvantage, including its detrimental effects on enzymatic function, energy generation and cellular integrity. Warm cardioplegia with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass cause three times more incidence of permanent neurologic deficits than the cold crystalloid cardioplegia with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Interruptions or inadequate distribution of warm cardioplegia may induce anaerobic metabolism and warm ischemic injury. To avoid these problems, tepid blood cardioplegia was recently introduced. Material and Method: To evaluate whether continuous tepid blood cardioplegia is beneficial in clinical practice during valvular surgery, we studied two groups of patients matched by numbers and clinical characteristics. Warm group(37$^{\circ}C$) consisted of 18 patients who underwent valvular surgery with continuous warm blood cardioplegia. Tepid group(32$^{\circ}C$) consisted of 17 patients who underwent valvular surgery with continuous tepid blood cardioplegia. Result: Heartbeat in 100% of the patients receiving continuous warm blood cardioplegia and 88.2% of the patients receiving continuous tepid blood cardioplegia converted to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously after removal of the aortic cross clamp. There were no differences between these two groups in CPB time, ACC time, the amount of crystalloid cardioplegia used and peak level of potassium. During the operation, the total amount of urine output was more in the warm group than the tepid group(2372${\pm}$243 ml versus 1535${\pm}$130 ml, p<0.01). There were no differences between the two groups in troponin T level measured 1hr and 12hrs after the operation. Conclusion: Continuous tepid blood cardioplegia is as safe and effective as continuous warm blood cardioplegia undergoing cardiac valve surgery in myocardial protection.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.547-560
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• 2010

The optimum culture condition of Schizophyllum commune for the cellulase production and its enzymatic characteristics for saccharification of cellulosic biomass were analyzed. S. commune secrets ${\beta}$-1,4-xylosidase (BXL) and cellulases, including endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and ${\beta}$-glucosidase (BGL). The optimum reaction temperature for all cellulases was $50^{\circ}C$ and the thermostable range was $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$C. The optimum reaction pH for all cellulases was 5.5 in a range of temperature from $0^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$. The best nutritions for the cellulase production of S. commune among tested nutrients were 2% cellulose for the carbon source and corn steep liquor or peptone/yeast extract for the nitrogen source without vitamins. The environmental culture condition for the cellulase production was 5.5~6.0 for pH at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activities of EG, BGL, CBH, and BXL were 3670.5, 631.9, 398.5, and 15.2 U/$m{\ell}$, respectively, after concentration forty times from the culture broth of S. commune which was grown at the optimized culture condition. Alternative filter paper unit assay showed 11 FPU/$m{\ell}$ enzyme activity. The saccharification tests using cellulase of S. commune showed the low saccharification rate on tested hardwoods but a high value of 50.5% on cellulose, respectively. The saccharification rate (50.5%) of cellulose by cellulase produced in this work is higher than 45.7% in the commercial enzyme (Celluclast 1.5L, 30 FPU/g, glucan).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 1985

Yellowish modified wool, dithiocarbamate(DTC) wool, was synthesized by partial hydrolysis in 0.2 N-NaOH reacting with carbon disulfide to use as ${\alpha}-amylase$ immobilization matrix. ${\alpha}-amylase$ was immobilized reacting with sulfide group of DTC-wool by covalent binding within 1 hour. 0.5 gram of this preparation, $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$, contained 150 ug of enzyme protein and its specific activity was about 90% of the native one. General properties of $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$ were a little different from optimum temperature, optimum pH, heat stability, kinetic constants and activation energy. An apparent Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of $DTC-wool-{\alpha}-amylase$ were 5.56 mg/ml and 0.37 mg/ml. $min^{-1}$ respectively, while activation energy was 16.6 kcal/mole.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 1998

Hypothermia is widely acknowledged as fundamental component of myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Although it prolongs the period of ischemic arrest by reducing oxygen demands, hypothermia is associated with a number of major disadvantages, including its detrimental effects on enzymatic function, energy generation, and cellular integrity. The ideal way to rotect the heart is to electromechanically arrest it and perfus it with blood that is aerobic arrest. However alternative technique has been developed, based on the principles of electromechanical arrest and normothermic aerobic perfusion using continuous warm blood cardioplegia. To determine if continuous warm blood cardioplegia was beneficial in clinical practice during valvular surgery, we studied two groups of patients matched by numbers and clinical characteristics. Group included is 31 patients undergoing valvular surgery who received intermittent cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Group II included 30 patients undergoing valvular surgery who received continuous warm blood cardioplegia. Our results suggest that the heartbeat in 100% of patients treated with continuous warm blood cardioplegia converted to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously after the removal of the aortic cross-clamp, compared to only 31% of the cold cardioplegia group. After operation, pericardial closure rate was 90% area in the warm group, compared to 35% area in the cold group. 12 hours after the operation, the total amount of urine output in the warm group was greater than that in the cold group(2863${\pm}$127 ml versus 2257${\pm}$127 ml; p<0.05). After the operation, left diaphragmatic elevation developed in 55% of the cold group but in 0% of the warm group. CK-MB level in the warm group was significantly lower than cold group(2.28${\pm}$0.62 versus 9.96${\pm}$2.12; p<0.01) 1 hour after operation and CK-MB level in the warm group was significantly lower than cold group(1.80${\pm}$1.01 versus 6.00${\pm}$1.74; p<0.05) 12hours after operation. Continuous warm blood cardioplegia is at least as safe and effective as hypothermic technique in patients undergoing cardiac valvular surgery. Conceptually, this represents a new approach to the problem of maintaining myocardial preservation during cardiac operations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.67-91
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• 1983

In order to examine the alcohol production from softwoods (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus rigida Miller, Larix leptolepis Gordon) and hardwoods (Alnus japonica Steud., Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Populus euramericana CV 214), chemical compositions were analyzed and conditions of acid hydrolysis with wood meals were established. Also strains which could remarkably decompose the cellulose were identified, and conditions of cellulase production of strains, characteristics of cellulase, and alcohol fermentation were examined. The results were summarized as follows. 1) In acid hydrolysis of wood, the high yield of reducing sugars was shown from 1.0% to 2.0% of hydrochloric acid and 2.0% of sulfuric acid. The highest yield was produced 23.4% at wood meals of Alnus japonica treated with 1.0% of hydrochloric acid. 2) The effect of raising the hydrolysis was good at $1.5kg/cm^2$, 30 times (acid/wood meal), and 45 min in treating hydrochloric acid and 30 min in treating sulfuric acid. 3) The pretreatments with concentrated sulfuric acid were more effective concentration ranged from 50% to 60% than that with hydrochloric acid and its concentration ranged from 50% to 60%. 4) The quantative analysis of sugar composition of acid hydrolysates revealed that glucose and arabinose were assayed 137.78mg and 68.24mg with Pinus densiflora, and 102.22mg and 65.89mg with Alnus janonica, respectively. Also xylose and galactose were derived. 5) The two strains of yeast which showed remarkably high alcohol productivity were Saccharomyces cerevisiae JAFM 101 and Sacch. cerevisiae var. ellipsoldeus JAFM 125. 6) The production of alcohol and the growth of yeasts were effective with the neutralization of acid hydrolysates by $CaCO_3$ and NaOH. Production of alcohol was excellent in being fermented between pH 4.5-5.5 at $30^{\circ}C$ and growth of yeasts between pH 5.0-6.0 at $24^{\circ}C$. 7) The production of alcohol was effective with the addition of 0.02% $(NH_2)_2CO$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.1% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.05% $MgSO_4$, 0.025% $CaCl_2$, 0.02% $MnCl_2$. Growth of yeasts was effective with 0.04-0.06% $(NH_2)_2CO$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.2% $K_2HPO_4$ and $K_3PO_4$, 0.05% $MgSO_4$, 0.025% $CaCl_2$, and 0.002% NaCl. 8) Among various vitamins, the production of alcohol was effective with the addition to pyridoxine and riboflavin, and the growth of yeasts with the addition to thiamin, Ca-pantothenate, and biotin. The production of aocohol was increased in 0.1% concentration of tannin and furfural, but mas decreased in above concentration. 9) In 100ml of fermented solution, alcohol and yeast were produced 2.201-2.275ml and 84-114mg for wood meals of Pinus densiflora, and 2.075-2.125ml and 104-128mg for that of Alnus japonica. Residual sugars were 0.55-0.60g and 0.60-0.65g for wood meals of Pinus densiflora and Alnus japonica, respectively, and pH varied from 3.3 to 3.6. 10) A strain of Trichoderma viride JJK. 107 was selected and identified as its having the highest activity of decomposing cellulose. 11) The highest cellulase production was good when CMCase incubated for 5 days at pH 6.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and xylanase at pH 5.0, $35^{\circ}C$. The optimum conditions of cellulase activity were proper in case of CMCase at pH 4.5, $50^{\circ}C$ and xylanase at pH 4.5, $40^{\circ}C$. 12) In fermentation with enzymatic hydrolysates, the peracetic acid treatment for delignification showed the best yields of alcohol and its ratio was effective with the addition of about 10 times. 13) The production of alcohol was excellent when wood meals and Koji of wheat bran was mixed with 10 to 8 and the 10g of wood meals of Pinus densiflora produced 2.01-2.14ml of alcohol and Alnus japonica 2.11-2.20ml.