• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.479-488
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• 2023

As the interest in sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture continues to grow, there is a corresponding increase in organic fertilizers utilization. However, studies on ammonia (NH₃) emissions, which are primarily generated in the agricultural sector, by organic fertilizers are lacking. Additionally, the reliance on imported ingredients in the production of organic fertilizers hinders the widespread adoption of organic fertilizers. This study aims to evaluate NH₃ volatilization by incorporating rice husk biochar into organic fertilizers. The study also aims to assess whether domestically produced rice husk biochar can serve as a viable substitute for imported ingredients. Here, the dynamic chamber method was used under controlled conditions. Results show that inorganic fertilizers readily undergo hydrolysis, thereby rapidly generating significant amounts of NH₃, particularly in the initial stages. In contrast, organic fertilizers decompose gradually, leading to relatively long-term NH₃ emissions. The incorporation of rice husk biochar into organic fertilizers demonstrated diminished daily NH₃ emissions compared to those from commercial organic fertilizers, resulting in decreased total NH₃ volatilization. These findings show that the combination of rice husk biochar can reduce NH₃ volatilization and serve as an alternative to imported ingredients for organic fertilizers. The results of this study can be utilized as fundamental information for the assessment of biochar as a potential ingredient for organic fertilizers.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.709-718
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• 2022

Nitrogen (N) is a vital element in growing crops and is essential for improving the yield and quality of crops. Thus, N fertilizer is the most widely used fertilizer and the primary N input source in soil-crop systems. Inorganic fertilizers such as urea are known to improve crop productivity and increase soil fertility. However, application with excessive amounts can interfere with crop growth and accelerate soil acidification. For these reasons, the use of organic fertilizers, which mainly contain organic nitrogen, has gradually increased worldwide. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of N fertilizer on the growth of Chinese cabbage including its functional compounds glucosinolates (GSLs). For the cultivation of Chinse cabbage, inorganic fertilizer was used for urea, and organic fertilizers were divided into conventional and biochar-based fertilizers. The growth parameters of Chinese cabbage treated by organic fertilizers was better than those of the inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, it was found that their co-application was more efficient. However, their GSL contents were lower with the application of the organic fertilizers. The characteristics of the experimental soil also changed according to the type, amounts and co-application of fertilizers. Therefore, this study presents the basis for an eco-friendly method that can increase the functionality and productivity of Chinese cabbage compared to conventional cultivations.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.308-315
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• 2011

Ammonium- and potassium-loaded zeolite (NK-Z) and other four kinds of environmental friendly fertilizers/agents were applied to characterize their effectiveness on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and soil amelioration. Selenium dioxide ($SeO_2$) and germanium dioxide ($GeO_2$) liquid treatments significantly increased selenium (Se) and germanium (Ge) contents in garlic stems, garlic cloves and clove peels. In soil treated with ZBFC, Se contents in garlic stems, cloves, and clove peels was 13.89-, 12.79-, and 10.96-fold higher, respectively, than in the controls. The inorganic contents of plants grown in soil treated with functional strengthened fertilizers were also higher than in plants grown in control soil. Soil treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) agents exhibited significantly greater spore density and root colonization rate than in untreated soil. The density of chitinolytic microorganisms in soil treated with colloidal chitin was also significantly higher than in untreated soil. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) in ZAFC-, ZBFC-, and ZBF-treated soils was 16.05%, 8.95%, and 8.80% higher than in control soil 28 weeks after sowing.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1755-1764
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• 2016

The application of Bacillus sp. in the biological control of plant soilborne diseases has been shown to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of chemical fungicides. In this study, the effects of bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) fortified with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQY 162 on the suppression of tomato bacterial wilt were investigated in pot experiments. The disease incidence of tomato wilt after the application of BOF was 65.18% and 41.62% lower at 10 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively, than in the control condition. BOF also promoted the plant growth. The SQY 162 populations efficiently colonized the tomato rhizosphere, which directly suppressed the number of Ralstonia solanacearum in the tomato rhizosphere soil. In the presence of BOF, the activities of defense-related enzymes in tomato were lower than in the presence of the control treatment, but the expression levels of the defense-related genes of the plants in the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were enhanced. It was also found that strain SQY 162 could secrete antibiotic surfactin, but not volatile organic compounds, to suppress Ralstonia. The strain could also produce plant growth promotion compounds such as siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. Thus, owing to its innate multiple-functional traits and its broad biocontrol activities, we found that this antagonistic strain isolated from the tobacco rhizosphere could establish itself successfully in the tomato rhizosphere to control soilborne diseases.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.190-190
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• 2017

Chemical fertilizers have been used to increase crop production and contributed to escaping food shortages. However, excessive use of chemical fertilizers over a long period caused many problems such as environmental pollution and the hampered production potential of the land. Thus, it is necessary to develop eco-friendly bio-fertilizers that can replace the use of chemical fertilizers. Here, we tested the effect of some nitrogen-fixing microorganims on the plant growth promotion. Seventy free-living nitrogen fixing microorganisms were isolated from rhizosphere of crop cultivation fields, streamside soils and sludge in Ansung, Korea. Of them, three strains (NF2-4-1, Yeast; EMM409, Mesorhizobium; Gsoil662, Burkholderia) were selected to be most efficient in the capacity of N-fixing nitrogen based on colony forming cell assay in N-free media. To investigate the ability to promote plant growth, these strains were inoculated into the soil and cabbage were grown for 4 weeks in the grown chamber. Fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area were measured from 4-week-old plants. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the growth of the plants inoculated with NF2-4-1 and EMM409 strains were significantly promoted compared to the mock-treated control plants, while Gsoil662-inoculated plants did not show statically significant promotion. These results indicate that these nitrogen-fixing microorganims can be used to develop plant growth promoting bio-fertilizers. Further analysis on nitrogen fixing level in soil by these strains will be tested.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2006

본 연구는 청국장을 만들기 위해 사용되는 콩 중에서 발효가 되지 않아 버려지는 콩을 이용하여 친환경농업에 맞는 유기질비료와 액비로서의 활용 가능여부를 알아보기 위해 충남대학교 부속농장 유리온실에서 1/5000a Wagner pot을 이용해 상추 재배시험을 수행하였다. 생육조사 결과 엽장의 경우 대조구와 청국장 콩을 첨가한 CS 처리구는 비슷한 결과를 보였으며, 청국장 콩 추출액(액비)을 엽면시비 한 CSE 처리구의 경우 26~33% 증가율을 보였다. 그리고 엽폭과 엽수에서도 CSE 처리구가 대조구보다 9~20%정도 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 생체중은 청국장 콩과 추출액(액비)을 엽면 시비 한 CSE 처리구가 대조구에 비해 9~27% 정도 수량증가 효과를 보였고, 퇴비와 청국장 콩 추출액(액비)를 추비형식으로 시비한 CE 처리구에서도 대조구보다 최대 26% 정도 수량증대 효과를 나타냈다. 따라서 청국장 제조시 버려지는 미 발효된 청국장 콩과 추출액(액비)이 친환경농업에 맞는 유기질비료와 액비로서의 가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-81
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• 2007

농산물에 대한 시장수요는 가격탄력성이 작기 때문에 기술진보나 여타 생산성 향상요인에 의해 공급이 확대되면 시장가격이 크게 하락하고 농가의 이윤은 감소한다. 일반적인 경쟁시장 작동원리에 따르면 농업 부문에 투입된 부존자원은 다른 산업으로 조정될 것이다. 하지만 농업부문의 경우 다른 산업으로의 신축적인 자원조정(resource adjustment)이 이루어지지 않기 때문에 농산물의 과다 생산과 낮은 소득수준이 지속된다. 정부가 농업부문 보호를 위해 다양한 정책수단을 도입하는 근본적인 이유는 농업부문이 다른 산업에 비해 취약한 수익구조를 가지고 있어 경쟁시장에서는 식량안보라는 편익을 사회적으로 적절한 수준에서 제공하지 못하기 때문이다. 농업부문 보호를 위해 정부가 취하는 대표적인 정책은 가격지지정책과 소득보조정책이다. 직접지불제는 정부가 농가의 소득을 직접적으로 지지하는 보조금의 한 형태로 농산물의 가격과 교역조건에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않아 WTO농업협정의 감축대상 보조금에서 제외되어 최근 새로운 농업보호 수단으로 운용되고 있다. 친환경직불제는 환경보전형 농업에 대한 직접지불제로 농약이나 화학비료를 사용하지 않고 생산하는 농가에 대해 일정 보조금을 지급하는 제도이다. 국내에서 1999년부터 시행되고 있는 친환경직불제는 유기농산물의 공급을 확대시키고 농업시장 개방에 대응한 농업부문의 경쟁력 제고방안을 제시하였다는 점에서 긍정적으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만 실제 공급되는 친환경농산물이 저농약이나 무농약농산물이라는 점과 유기질비료 사용을 적절하게 조절하지 못하고 있다는 점에서 '환경보전형 농업'인지에 대해서는 장담할 수 없는 실정이다. 현행 친환경직불제하에서 농약과 화학비료의 투입량이 감소하는 것은 명확하다. 하지만 유기질비료의 투입이 증가한다는 것도 명확하다. 따라서 농약과 화학비료의 감소에 따른 환경질 개선정도가 유기질비료 투입 증가에 의해 상쇄된다면 친환경직불제의 '친환경성'은 보장되지 않는다. 만약 비료에 대한 수요가 큰 농가를 중심으로 친환경농업이 이루어진다면 친환경직불제의 환경오염 저감잠재력은 더욱 취약해질 것이다. 본 논문은 친환경농업으로의 전환에 대한 유인을 정의하고 낮은 토양질의 농가들이 전환에 더 큰 유인을 갖게 됨을 보이고 있다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.316-327
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• 2018

Liquid fertilizers made from livestock manure contain high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and thus are used as a fertilizer. However, excessive use of liquid fertilizer causes eutrophication of agricultural land and nonpoint source pollution. In this study, as a means of lowering the nutrient concentrations, struvite ($MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$) production from the liquid fertilizer was investigated. When liquid fertilizers produced in Gyeonggido were analyzed, its characteristics differed by region and season, but the phosphorus concentration was commonly lower than that of nitrogen. When $K_2HPO_4$ and $MgCl_2$ were added to the liquid fertilizers, the optimal pH for struvite formation was pH 9.5. For environmentally friendly sources of magnesium and phosphate, ferronickel slag (FNS) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) were suspended in deionized water and extracted by sulfuric acid with various mass ratios. The optimum conditions for extracting FNS and SSA were 4.0 M sulfuric acid and 0.35 mass ratio of sulfuric acid to sewage sludge ash, respectively. For forming struvite, 0.233 L of SSA leachate (SSAL) was added into 0.3 L of liquid fertilizer containing 2,586 mg/L of ammonia and 110 mg/L of phosphate, pH was then adjusted to pH 9.5 using 10 M of NaOH. Afterwards 0.333 L of FNS leachate (FNSL) was added to this mixed solution. After a reaction for 1 hr at room temperature, the remaining concentrations of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate were less than 50 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively, and 30 g of precipitates were obtained, most of which were struvite.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.27-54
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• 2001

This paper aims to provide a basic framework to make a regional plan for the environment-friendly agriculture. To prepare the regional plan is mandated by the Environment-friendly Agriculture Promotion Act of 1998. Here is proposed the input/output analysis framework, which includes the shifts of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and livestock manures Basically, the discharged amount of polluted elements means the difference between the amount of the elements entered into the crop and livestock sectors and the amount of the elements absorbed or used by the crop and/or livestock. A few suggestions are offered for better regional environment-friendly agricultural plan. The foremost important thing is to establish a data collection system. The \"Green Accounting System\" is suggested. It is also crucial to create a standard guideline or manual which Provides detailed procedures to follow in making the plan by the local planners. More fundamentally, many experts on the regional planning will be demanded in the near future. Some compound model which links, for instance, the forestry, the livestock sector, and the crop sector, needs to be devised. Finally, it is argued here that more elaborated model will work as an integrated environmental improvement plan which embraces living environment as well as agricultural environment.vironment.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.967-976
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• 2023

Biochar is emerging as a promising substance for achieving carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation. It can absorb several nutrients via ion bonding on its surface functional groups, resulting in slow dissociation of the bonds. Biochar, like organic fertilizers, contributes to sustainable nutrient management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrient-coated biochar amendments on leafy vegetables production and soil fertility. The nutrient-coated biochar was produced by soaking rice husk biochar in a nutrient solution containing nitrogen (N), phosphorus, and potassium for 24 hours. Nutrient-coated biochar and organic fertilizers were applied to soil at a rate of 120 kg·N·ha^-1. The growth components of the leafy vegetables showed that nutrient-coated biochar led to the highest fresh weight (FW) of both lettuce and kale (i.e., 146.67 and 93.54 g·plant^-1 FW, respectively). As a result, nutrient-coated biochar amendments led to superior yield compared to the control treatment and organic fertilization. The elemental composition of leafy vegetables revealed that soil amended with nutrient-coated biochar resulted in higher nutrient contents, which was attributed to the high nutrient contents supplied by the rice husk biochar. Soil amendment with nutrient-coated biochar positively enhanced the soil fertility compared to amendment with organic fertilizer. Therefore, nutrient-coated biochar is a promising substance for enhancing agronomic performance of leafy vegetables and improving soil fertility.