• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2017

Drought is the most serious abiotic stress limiting rice production. However, little progress has been made in the genetic analysis of drought tolerance, because it is a complex trait controlled by a number of genes and affected by various environmental factors. In here, we screened 218 rice genetic resources for drought tolerance at vegetative stage and selected 32 highly drought tolerant varieties in greenhouse. Under rain-fed conditions, Grain yield of Nagdong was decreased by 53.3% from 517 kg/10a to 241 kg/10a when compare to irrigation condition. By comparison, grain yield of Samgang was decreased by 23.6% from 550 kg/10a to 420 kg/10a. The variety Samgang exhibited strong drought tolerance and stable yield in rain-fed conditions and was selected for further study. To identify QTLs for drought tolerance, we examined visual drought tolerance (VDT) and relative water content (RWC) using a doubled haploid (DH) population consisted of 101 lines derived from a cross between Samgang (a drought tolerance variety) and Nagdong (a drought sensitive variety). Three QTLs for VDT were located on chromosomes 2, 6, and 11, respectively, and explained 41.8% of the total phenotypic variance. qVDT2, flanked by markers RM324 and S2016, explained 8.8% of the phenotypic variance with LOD score of 3.3 and an additive effect of -0.6. qVDT6 was flanked by S6022 and S6023 and explained 12.7% of the phenotypic variance with LOD score of 5.0 and an additive effect of -0.7. qVDT11, flanked by markers RM26765 and RM287, explained 19.9% of the phenotypic variance with LOD score of 7.1 and an additive effect of -1.0. qRWC11 was the only QTL for RWC to be identified; it was in the same locus as qVDT11. qRWC11 explained 19.6% of the phenotypic variance, with a LOD score of 4.0 and an additive effect of 9.7. To determine QTL effects on drought tolerance in rain-fed paddy conditions, seven DH lines were selected according to the number of QTLs they contained. Of the drought tolerance associated QTLs, qVDT2 and qVDT6 did not affect tiller formation, but qVDT11increased tiller number. Tiller formation was most stable when qVDT2 and qVDT11 were combined. DH lines with both of these drought tolerance associated QTLs exhibited the most stable tiller formation. These results suggest that qVDT11 is important for drought tolerance and stable tiller formation under drought stress condition in field.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-70
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• 2011

The numerous efforts have been made in understanding generation and transportation mechanism of nonpoint source pollutants from agricultural areas. Also, the water quality degradation has been exacerbated over the years in many parts of Korea as well as other countries. Nonpoint source pollutants are transported into waterbodies with direct runoff and baseflow. It has been generally thought that groundwater quality is not that severe compared with surface water quality. However its impacts on groundwater in the vicinity of stream quality is not negligible in agricultural areas. The SWAT model has been widely used in hydrology and water quality studies worldwide because of its flexibilities and accuracies. The spatial property of each HRU, which is the basic computational element, is not presented. Thus, the SWAT HRU mapping module was developed in this study and was applied to the study watershed to evaluate recharge rate and $NO_3-N$ loads in groundwater. The $NO_3-N$ loads in groundwater on agricultural fields were higher than on forests because of commercial fertilizers and manure applied in agricultural fields. The $NO_3-N$ loads were different among various crops because of differences in crop nutrient uptake, amount of fertilizer applied, soil properties in the field. As shown in this study, the SWAT HRU mapping module can be efficiently used to evaluate the pollutant contribution via baseflow in agricultural watershed.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.25-47
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• 2012

This research is to suggest an ecological management methods by classification of biotope type and its mapping for Tricholoma matsutake. The target area was construction site of the East Hongchun - Yangyang Highway (Yangyang section) where massive production of Tricholoma matsutakes is in place. Specifically, the 700 m long range of area around the road route, Yangyang section, which is over a total area of $19,79km^2$. The flow of this research was as follows: first studied were the characteristics of the Yangyang Tricholoma matsutakes; second, reviews on previous studies on Tricholoma matsutakes; third, the formulation of standards and processes of biotope type considering Tricholoma matsutake production; and fourth, mapping of biotope considering the production area of Tricholoma matsutake. In 24.77% of the region, slope angle measured $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, which is suitable for Tricholoma matsutake production. Also, 17.44% of the region had southward vegetation structures, and as for the Pinus densiflora; 26.00% had average receipts; the tree ages was $38{\pm}8.34$ years; and the average density of canopy layer was $9.55{\pm}4.89/100m^2$. The soil acidity (pH) values of 5.0 to 5.6(47.96%) > 5.6 to 7.0(42.90%) > 4.0 to 5.0(9.14%) were slightly high for Tricholoma matsutake growth; but 57.10% of the area had a soil pH of 4.0-5.6. The organic horizon (A0 layer) was $3.39{\pm}2.14cm$, and the mean depths were 4-6cm(78.03%) > 0-2cm(18.10%) > 2-4cm(3.87%). Based on the results of previous studies and field researches on the presence of vegetation (the pine dominance ratio), the topographic structure (the terrain characteristics and slopes), the receipt, the soil structure (the soil acidity and the organic layers interposed between the depths), and the vegetation density, six clusters based on the identified types of biotopes are produced in this paper. Area of distribution according to the type of biotope was Tricholoma matsutake of the potential-production (II) biotope (32.86%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the inadequate-production biotope (22.17%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the adequate (II)-production biotope (17.79%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the adequate (I)-production biotope (14.86%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the potential-production (I) biotope (9.77%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the produced biotope (2.55%).

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.21-47
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• 2013

The aim is to analysis landslide vulnerability in Inje, Korea, using GCI(Geospatial Correlative Integration) and probability rainfalls based on geographic information system (GIS). In order to achieve this goal, identified indicators influencing landslides based on literature review. We include indicators of exposure to climate(rainfall probability), sensitivity(slope, aspect, curvature, geology, topography, soil drainage, soil material, soil thickness and soil texture) and adaptive capacity(timber diameter, timber type, timber density and timber age). All data were collected, processed, and compiled in a spatial database using GIS. Karisan-ri that had experienced 470 landslides by Typhoon Ewinia in 2006 was selected for analysis and verification. The 50% of landslide data were randomly selected to use as training data, while the other 50% being used for verification. The probability of landslides for target years (1 year, 3 years, 10 years, 50 years, and 100 years) was calculated assuming that landslides are triggered by 3-day cumulative rainfalls of 449 mm. Results show that number of slope has comparatively strong influence on landslide damage. And inclination of $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, the highest correlation landslide. Improved previous landslide vulnerability methodology by adopting GCI. Also, vulnerability map provides meaningful information for decision makers regarding priority areas for implementing landslide mitigation policies.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.29-39
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• 2018

Recently, In traditional markets, visitors are declining. The reason is the growth of large stores and Internet shopping malls. The government continues to support and policy to revitalize traditional markets. Government support has been focused on the selective attributes of traditional markets. However, the purchase intention of users in traditional markets is lowered. The reason is that it is in the hygiene of the traditional market. This study analyzed whether the optional attributes of traditional markets and service quality increase the intention of visit, In addition, the users of the traditional market analyzed the hygiene factor as an important factor in the intention of the visit. The results of the analysis is First, convenience, accessibility, transparency, attractiveness, and economic feasibility of selective attributes of traditional markets were analyzed to affect the intention to visit. Second, the merchant efficiency, the display efficiency, the product efficiency, and the transaction efficiency of the service quality of the traditional market influence on the visit intention. However, facility efficiency was not found to have any effect. Third, merchant hygiene factors, facility hygiene factors, and commodity hygiene factors were found to affect the intention to visit. These traditional market hygiene factors were analyzed to control the intention to visit. Therefore, it can be said that the hygiene factor of the traditional market plays a role in raising the intention of visiting the traditional market in activating the traditional market. The conclusion is that merchants and support groups should be prioritized in order to revitalize traditional markets. The importance of environmental hygiene is introduced and implications for research results are suggested.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.493-518
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• 2005

It has been taken for 10 years since Climate Change Convention could it be made. And Kyoto Protocol will come into force as an international law as from 16. Feb 2005. As based on it, Annex I countries will implement their mitigation projects on GHG reductions and press developing countries on GHG reduction target. Korea has not duty target on it yet. But it will be held a COP(Conference of Party) on negotiation for reduction target of second commitment period. If Korea has a real duty, Industry sector should reduce GHG emissions. Then Market mechanism will be need to introduce for this. This study started having a question "Is it possible to introduce emissions trading in Korea?". To solve the problem, this study analysed GHG emissions, marginal abatement cost, market price with 11 companies of industry (about 36% of Korea emissions). minus target is impossible to implement reduction target ver base year (2002). And emissions trading scheme also can't make the market without additional policy and measures. This study suggest that it is need to import credits and give a subsidy of government to encourage it. The imported credit can reduce the demand curve within the marginal abatement cost curves. But the effectiveness of credit is not the same as continually growth. As a result, Allowing 40% credit into emissions trading market is the best to reduce costs. However, a subsidy is the little bit difference. A subsidy make marginal abatement cost curves down for itself. Giving 30% for subsidy, it is the best. Considering both of importing credits and subsidy, it is the best effects in the reducing cost for company. especially 30% is the best effects respectively. This Study show that government wants to consider designing emissions trading, encourage participants competitiveness, and encourage the early action, government has to allow credit trading and give a subsidy to participants.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.257-290
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• 2005

Korean energy use in industrial sector has increased more rapidly than other sectors during 1980~2000 periods. Relatively higher increases in industrial sector energy consumption raise questions whether government policy of rationalization of industrial energy use has been effective. In this study, we use 80-85-90 and 90-95-00 constant price input-output table to analyze increases in industrial energy use. Using an adjusted version of structural decomposition model introduced by Chen and Rose (1990), we decompose Changes of energy use into 17 elements. We classify entire industry sector into 32 sectors including four energy sectors (coal and coal products, refined petroleum, electricity and town gas). We then analyze changes of energy use by industrial level to check differences among industrial energy demand structures. Finally, we compare three industries, electronic product manufacturing, metal manufacturing and construction, that represent technology and capital intensive, energy and material intensive and labor and capital intensive industry. As results, we find that high energy using industries make the most effort to reduce energy use. Primary metal, petrochemical and mon-metal industries show improvements in elements such as energy and material productivity, energy and material imports, energy substitution and material substitutions towards energy saving. These results imply that although those industries are heavy users of energy, they put the best effort to reduce energy use relative to other industries. We find various patterns of change in industrial energy use at industrial level. To reduce energy use, electronic product manufacturing industry needs more effort to improve technological change element while construction industry needs more effort to improve material input structure element.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2014

This study was conducted in organic certification soil for the comparison of heavy metals, nutrients, and irrigated water standards to certify a farm. It was carried out in 811 paddy fields of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated at Goseong-Gun. The amounts of 8 heavy metals, Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, Zn, and Ni were found to be 0.05, 14.5, 1.08, 0.92, 10.7, 1.34, 35.9, and 22.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in regular sequence in the organic paddy soil, and they were 0.32, 13.6, 1.01, 0.03, 10.4, 0.91, 42.4 and 22.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the non-pesticide paddy soil. In comparing organic and non-pesticide paddy soil with respect to the chemical characteristics of the soil, the average pH and the amount of organic matter, available phosphate and available silicate were 5.88 and 27.6 g $kg^{-1}$, 134.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 165.3 mg $kg^{-1}$, while they were 5.78 and 32.1 g $kg^{-1}$, 107.7 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 175.2 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of exchangeable cation $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were 0.25, 5.20, and 1.04 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in organic paddy soil, while they were 0.38, 5.13, and 1.19 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in non-pesticide paddy soil. The pH, DO, BOD, COD and SS conditions of the irrigated water used in the organic paddy soil were found to be 7.23, 8.40, 2.80, 1.86, and 2.58 mg $l^{-1}$ and the condition of irrigated water used in the non-pesticide paddy soil were found to be 7.65, 9.16, 2.25, 4.11, and 4.00 mg $l^{-1}$, respectively. Based on these findings, we suggest that environmentally-friendly certificates in Korea have to unify organic and non-pesticide agro-products in an organic standard in food policy and control because there is no difference between soil and irrigated water standards in the two certifications.