• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.1313-1320
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• 2011

World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD) is effort to achieve sustainable development in economic growth, environmental preservation and social development. Being this way, it is essential for developing evaluation tool which quantify to fulfill sustainable development. Eco-efficiency is one of the quantitative tools to evaluate environmental impact and economic aspect. Eco-efficiency, in general term, means creating more value of product or services with less impact to environment. It indicates as environmental impact in denominator and value of product or services in numerator. Eco-efficiency shows how much economic value reveals to unit environmental impact caused by product or service as an indicator. This study aims at developing eco-efficiency indicator of railway industry considering use stage among the entire life cycle stage of KTX and Saemaul train and also, figure out eco-efficiency value through indicator. Therethrough, it is enables to evaluate created value per environmental aspects. Since rail vehicles demands a lot of energy to transport people during use stage, the environmental impact is more significant than other lkfe cycle stages. Therefore, it quantified environmental indicator as CO2 emission and economic indicator as transportation record per a year with an annual income. This study contributes to be used as a tool for quantifying indicator of comparison evaluation in respect of rail vehicle in use stage.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1997

Nowadays, the environmental conservation has become a hot issue. Also the sustainable city issue is recognized as one of the most important tasks to be solved urgently for urban development. Therefore, the current indicator for sustainable city has been analyzed only as a segment of the environmental indicator which is one kind of branch of social indicator. However, considering the degree of pollution and heightened concern, it is time to develop a new and improved framework for the analysis of the sustainable city indicator. This study aims for the development of sustainable city indicator and the examination of practical method for the use of them. Urban sustainable city indicators are based on the "Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework" which has been adopted by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The indicators suggested in this study is composed of the following categories: 1. Indicators of natural environment itself, such as land structure (available land use index etc.), bio-species (bio-diversity index etc.), environment resources (water quantity index etc.) 2. Indicators of relationship between man and environment, such as sustainability of using material (recycle of water index etc.), pressure size (pressure index on air etc.), effort of prevention (environmental basic facility index, etc.) 3. Indicators of environmental state, such as landscape and culture (historical & cultural index etc.), environmental pollution (air pollution index etc.) A sustainable city environment is necessary and obtainable, yet its realization seems to be difficult. The urban pollution problems have become more serious than ever before thus requiring much interest. Therefore, this kind of study is meaningful for the establishment of policy objective, and the development and management environmentally sound and sustainable cities.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.78-92
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• 2007

The purindicator and its application through the application of the eco-city concept. To achieve this aim, this study execute to erect eco-city concept, to develop urban evaluation indicator for the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school, to survey for elementary school teacher in Daegu and to develop application of urban evaluation indicator for the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school. The result of study can be summarized as follow. First, erecting the eco-city concept and urban evaluation indicator for the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school was developed with 14 objects, such like that saving and sound circulation of water resource, sound atmosphere. Second, The result of survey, generally, teachers evaluated that Daegu has problems. The degree of interest of urban environmental problem of Daegu showed that each problem had relatively equal distribution. Teachers had positive response that the ecocity concept applied to environmental education of elementary school. Selection of educational contents had distinct tendency with application of the concept of ecocity. Teachers indicated several problems in environmental education of elementary school. Third, We develop application of indicator for the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school. We concluded that developing application of indicator will offer as follows: First, student and teacher can logically understand urban environmental problems. Second, application of indicator had role of useful tool for environmental education of elementary school.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization's (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p<0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1455-1462
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine green consumer behavior (green product purchasing behavior and green consumption life) affected by demographical characteristics, and cognition degree of green life (cognition of a green indicator, a green life catalyst system, and environmental problems). It's also to promote strategy and suggest effective activation plans for the vitalization of green consumer behavior. To carry out the task, verification of credibility, multiple regression analysis, two-step cluster analysis, and multinomial logistic analysis were used. The results are as follows: First, the factors that effect green product purchasing behavior were gender, age, cognitive of a green indicator, carbon points system, electricity peak hour system, and seriousness of environmental damage due to lifestyle. Second, the factors that effect green lifestyle were gender, age, carbon grade indicator system, cognition of a green system, and the seriousness of environmental damage due to lifestyle. Third, the comparative group characteristic analysis showed low rates for careless green consumer behavior groups compared to the passive green consumer behavior groups in cognition of a green indicator, green system, and environmental problems. For active green consumer behavior groups, the analysis showed high rates in cognition of carbon grades, eco-labeling, electricity peak hour system, and environmental damage due to lifestyle. In order to encourage green consumer behavior, it's evident that cognition of a green indicator, a green life catalyst system, and environmental problems need to be improved through strategic education and continuous encouragement.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.34-34
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• 2004

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.985-994
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• 2005

Recently, Environmental friendliness and sustainability become the main concern of residential area planning. This paper deals with the estimation indicator system for environmentally friendliness of residential areas. An interview survey was carried out for resident groups by the type of housing. 'Environmentally friendly residential site' is defined as 'A site of sustainable development with low undesirable impact on environment, friendliness to natural environments such as green areas and waters, and amenity, health & hygiene of residents' Totally, nineteen individual indicators, six categories and three principles(Low Impact, High Contact, Amenity & Health) were proposed as estimation indicator system. Residents showed high importance on principle of 'amenity & health'. Individual indicators such as 'garbage segregated collection', 'secure green areas' and 'cleanness of water and air' showed high weighting value by each principles. Satisfaction level of residents for individual indicators, such as 'garbage segregated collection', 'common gardens', and 'cleanness of residential areas', were comparatively high. By the result of factor analysis, the proposed model for indicator system was valid.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

In this study, breast milk levels of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were estimated, and statistics drawn, for 22 Koreans in the general population, aged 26-38, who had resided in metropolitan areas for more than 5 years without occupational exposure to organochlorine pollutants. Concentrations of indicator PCBs were measured using the isotope dilution method with a high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector, which provided accurate and precise data for investigation of trends, and international comparisons. The geometric mean of total indicator PCB levels was 22.3 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level in individuals from European countries. Overall, the geometric mean and 95th percentile of the most abundant congener PCB 153 were 8.04 ng/g lipid and 16.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 together accounted for about 75% of the indicator congeners analyzed. Breast milk total indicator PCB concentrations were significantly associated with age and parity, but not with body mass index (BMI), rate of body weight increase, or smoking habits. The geometric mean level of PCB 153 in breast milk from mothers with a pre-pregnant BMI < $21\;kg/m^2$ was significantly higher than in pre-pregnant women with a BMI of ${\geqslant}\;21\;kg/m^2$ (p<0.05). Women who ate more fish, meat, and milk products did not have significantly higher total indicator PCB levels than those who ate less of these products, but a significant difference in PCB 153 levels was demonstrated between the subjects consuming higher (11.45 ng/g lipid) and lower (6.79 ng/g lipid) amounts of fish (p<0.05), after adjusting for confounders. These results suggest that age, parity and fish intake are the important factors affecting the concentrations of indicator PCBs in these subjects.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2001

This study aims to propose a determinant model to select a method on calculating weight of each indicator for environmental evaluation. According to analyzing and comparing with three types of methods for calculating weights which are usually used to evaluate environment with indicators, the weights which were obtained by each type were all different from each other. This means that a differential weighting method must be applied to each of environmental evaluation studies. Therefore, a determinant model is required to determine weight-calculating methods. Three types of weighting methods, such as weighting by importance degree, weighting by eigen-value and weighting by analytic hierarchy process, were compared. Under the necessity, a determinant model was drawn for selecting a compatible method to calculate weights of indicators in environmental evaluation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.789-798
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• 2011

Climate change assessment, together with climate change adaptation process, would be one of the worldwide important issues, and the study on climate change vulnerability indicator has been an essential problem for climate change adaptation. Vulnerability indicator can be used as a good tool to estimate the impact of climate change and to map out the distribution of its vulnerability over the given area both in Korea and other countries. This study addressed the conceptual summary on the assessment of climate change and its adaptation process. Previous studies on how to yield the vulnerability indicators of climate change are reviewed and several previous results of vulnerability indicators applied to Korean provinces are also discussed here.