• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제31권
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• pp.10.1-10.8
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• 2016

Objectives Aromatase inhibitors that block estrogen synthesis are a proven first-line hormonal therapy for postmenopausal breast cancer. Although it is known that standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) induces anti-carcinogenic effects like the aromatase inhibitors, the effects of EGb761 on steroidogenesis have not been studied yet. Therefore, the effects of EGb761 on steroidogenesis and aromatase activity was studied using a H295R cell model, which was a good in vitro model to predict effects on human adrenal steroidogenesis. Methods Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and $17{\beta}$-estradiol were evaluated in the H295R cells by competitive enzyme-linked immunospecific assay after exposure to EGb761. Real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate effects on critical genes in steroid hormone production, specifically cytochrome P450 (CYP11/ 17/19/21) and the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases ($3{\beta}$-HSD2 and $17{\beta}$-HSD1/4). Finally, aromatase activities were measured with a tritiated water-release assay and by western blotting analysis. Results H295R cells exposed to EGb761 (10 and $100{\mu}g/mL$) showed a significant decrease in $17{\beta}$-estradiol and testosterone, but no change in aldosterone or cortisol. Genes (CYP19 and $17{\beta}$-HSD1) related to the estrogen steroidogenesis were significantly decreased by EGb761. EGb761 treatment of H295R cells resulted in a significant decrease of aromatase activity as measured by the direct and indirect assays. The coding sequence/Exon PII of CYP19 gene transcript and protein level of CYP19 were significantly decreased by EGb761. Conclusions These results suggest that EGb761 could regulate steroidogenesis-related genes such as CYP19 and $17{\beta}$-HSD1, and lead to a decrease in $17{\beta}$-estradiol and testosterone. The present study provides good information on potential therapeutic effects of EGb761 on estrogen dependent breast cancer.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2005

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)는 돼지의 급성장염을 유발하여 설사 증상을 일으키는 바이러스이다. 본 연구에서는 고구마 저장뿌리 고발현 sporamin 프로모터 및 CaMV 35S promoter를 이용하여 PEDV 항원단백질을 생산하는 고구마 식물체를 개발하고자 하였다. 형질전환 벡터를 제작하기 위하여 PEDV에서 항원성이 알려진 스파이크 단백질의 일부분을 암호화하는 유전자를 PCR로 합성하였다. 고구마 [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] 율미 품종의 배발생 캘러스를 재료로 하여 Agrobacterium tumefaciens을 매개로 형질전환하였다. 선발배지 (MS medium, 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 100 mg/L kanamycin, and 400 mg/L claforan)에서 배발생 캘러스를 3주 간격으로 4개월 동안 계대배양하여 카나마이신 저항성 캘러스를 선발하였다. 선발된 배발생 캘러스를 호르몬을 제거한 배지로 옮겨 체세포배를 유도하였으며 이후 shoot과 뿌리가 형성되었다. 재분화된 소식물체를 대상으로 PCR 분석으로 카나마이신 저항성 재분화 개체의 50% 이상이 도입 유전자를 가지고 있었으며 이들 식물체를 대상으로 Southern blot 분석하여 PEDV 유전자가 고구마 식물체의 게놈으로 안정적으로 도입되었음을 확인하였다. 형질전환 식물체에서 도입유전자의 발현을 RT-PCR로 분석한 결과 PEDV의 spike 유전자가 높은 수준으로 발현하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.288-298
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• 1992

Since the major important factors limiting plant growth and crop productivity are environmental stresses, of which low temperature is the most serious. It has been well known that many physiological processes are alterant in response to the environmental stress. With regard to the relationship between plant hormones and the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings, the major physiological roles of plant hormones: abscisic acid, ethylene and polyamines are evaluated and discussed in this paper. Rice seedlings were grown in culture solution to examine the effect of such plant hormones on physiological characters related to chilling tolerance and also to compare the different responses among tested cultivars. Intact seedlings about 14 day-old were chilled at conditions of 5$^{\circ}C$ and 80% relative humidity for various period. Cis-(＋)-ABA content was measured by the indirect ELISA technique. Polyamine content and ethylene production in leaves were determined by means of HPLC and GC respectively. Chilling damage of seedlings was evaluated by electrolyte leakage, TTC viability assay or servival test. Our experiment results described here demonstrated the physiological functions of ABA, ethylene, and polyamines related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings. Levels of cis-(＋)-ABA in leaves or xylem sap of rice seedlings increased rapidly in response to 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The tolerant cultivars had significant higher level of endogenous ABA than the sensitive ones. The ($\pm$)-ABA pretreatment for 48 h increased the chilling tolerance of the sensitive indica cultivar. One possible function of abscisic acid is the adjustment of plants to avoid chilling-induced water stress. Accumulation of proline and other compatible solutes is assumed to be another factor in the prevention of chilling injuies by abscisic acid. In addition, the expression of ABA-responsive gene is reported in some plants and may be involving in the acclimation to low temperature. Ethylene and its immediate precusor, 1-amincyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC) increased significantly after 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The activity of ACC synthase which converts S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to ACC enhanced earlier than the increase of ethylene and ACC. Low temperature increased ACC synthase activity, whereas prolonged chilling treatment damaged the conversion of ACC to ethylene. It was shown that application of Ethphon was beneficial to recovering from chilling injury in rice seedlings. However, the physiological functions of chilling-induced ethylene are still unclear. Polyamines are thought to be a potential plant hormone and may be involving in the regulation of chilling response. Results indicated that chilling treatment induced a remarkable increase of polyamines, especially putrescine content in rice seedlings. The relative higher putrescine content was found in chilling-tolerant cultivar and the maximal level of enhanced putrescine in shoot of chilling cultivar(TNG. 67) was about 8 folds of controls at two days after chilling. The accumulation of polyamines may protect membrane structure or buffer ionic imbalance from chilling damage. Stress physiology is a rapidly expanding field. Plant growth regulators that improve tolerance to low temperature may affect stress protein production. The molecular or gene approaches will help us to elucidate the functions of plant hormones related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in plants in the near future.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.967-976
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of Hanwoo steer was investigated. A total of 32 Hanwoo steers (15-17 months, average body weight $462{\pm}37.9kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% mixed probiotics), with four Hanwoo steers per pen (two replicates per treatments), and reared for 12 months. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Hanwoo steer (P>0.05); however, feed intake decreased linearly with increasing levels of mixed probiotics. Growth hormone and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels responded linearly with increasing levels of dietary mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but not insulin and blood glucose did not. In particular, total cholesterol was significantly lower for the 1% mixed probiotic treatment in comparison with that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), cooking loss, and meat color were influenced by increasing levels of mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but the carcass characteristics and shear force were not. Regarding sensory evaluation, the addition of mixed probiotics resulted in significant difference in meat color, tenderness, aroma, off-flavor, juiciness, and marbling score, but not in overall acceptability. In addition, fatty acid profiles indicated no differences between control and mixed probiotic treatments. In conclusion, mixed probiotic treatment at 1% levels can enhance consumer preferences possibly by reducing cholesterol and TBARS.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are present in many consumer products ranging from fabrics to plastics and electronics. Wide use of flame retardants can pose an environmental hazard, which makes it important to determine the mechanism of their toxicity. In the present study, dose-dependent toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, was examined in male prepubertal rats (postnatal day 18) treated orally with TBBPA at 0, 125, 250 or 500 mg/kg for 30 days. There were no differences in body weight gain between the control and TBBPA-treated groups. However, absolute and relative liver weights were significantly increased in high dose of TBBPA-treated groups. TBBPA treatment led to significant induction of CYP2B1 and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) expression in the liver. In addition, serum thyroxin (T4) concentration was significantly reduced in the TBBPA treated group. These results indicate that repeated exposure to TBBPA induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats through the CAR signaling pathway. In particular, TBBPA efficiently produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) through CYP2B1 induction in rats. We measured 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in the kidney, liver and testes of rats following TBBPA treatment. As expected, TBBPA strongly induced the production of 8-OHdG in the testis and kidney. These observations suggest that TBBPA-induced target organ toxicity may be due to ROS produced by metabolism of TBBPA in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.271-285
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• 2014

알루미늄은 폐광산 침출수, 산업폐수, 생활하수 등을 통해 수계로 유입되어 수생생물에 농축되고 독성을 유발할 수 있다. 최근 다양한 수생생물에서 알루미늄의 독성에 관한 보고가 증가하고 있지만 오염현황 및 생태독성에 대한 연구가 많이 이뤄지지 않았다. 본 소고에서는 수서무척추동물, 어류, 양서류에서 알루미늄의 독성자료를 고찰함으로써 잔류량 가이드라인 설정의 필요성과 알루미늄의 수생태독성 분석전략을 제언하고자 하였다. 다양한 형태의 알루미늄화합물이 수생동물에서 1차적으로 아가미기능을 방해하여 생존을 위협하고 세포독성, 유전독성, 산화적스트레스, 내분비계교란, 생식교란, 대사교란, 항상성교란 등의 독성효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 산성조건에서 환경잔류농도 수준의 알루미늄 화합물은 어류에서 호르몬농도 변화를 유발하였다. 알루미늄은 산성 및 염기성 조건에서 용해도가 증가하기 때문에 국내의 폐광산 인근의 산성 수계 뿐 아니라 조류 대발생에 의해 pH가 상승하는 호수나 강에서도 알루미늄의 독성효과가 나타날 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 1997

UV-B 조사에 의한 오이의 생장 및 생리 기능에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 비료처리에 의한 오이 제1 엽의 UV-B의 영향을 조사하였다. UV-B 조사에 의한 가시장해는 처리 1주일부터 나타났으나 생장 저해 현상은 볼 수 없었다. 그러나 UV-B 조사에 의한 생장 저해 현상은 비료 첨가에 의해 나타났으며 가장 큰 저해 효과는 질소 시용에 의해 나타났다. 이 결과는 UV-B가 질소대사에 관여하고 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 질소대사에 관여하고 있는 주 효소인 질산 환원효소 활성을 조사한 결과 UV-B 조사 7일째에 비료 처리구에서 현저히 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 UV-B 조사에 의한 엽면적의 생장감소는 세포의 신장, 분열 생장에 관여하고 있는 식물호르몬 활성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보여 오이의 제 1엽에서의 BA 처리에 의한 사이토카이닌의 감수성을 조사했다. UV-B 조사에 의한 사이토카이닌의 감수성은 UV-B를 조사하지 않은 구에 비해 억제되었다. 이 결과에 의해 UV-B 조사가 식물 생장에 관여하고 있는 사이토카이닌의 활성을 억제시켜 엽면적의 감소가 발생된 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2012

To investigate the attributes of seed germination of the plants for greening of river bank slope, low-temperature treatment, chemical treatment, plant hormones treatment, and stratification were conducted using the seeds of 6 herbs growing naturally around river banks, such as Setaria glauca and faberii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Miscanthus sinensis, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Lespedeza cuneata and the seeds of 3 shrubs, such as Lespedeza bicolor., Rosa multiflora, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora. The findings are as follows. In case of herbs, Setaria glauca and faberii. have stone seeds. In the treatment with $H_2SO_4$, they were germinated through dormancy breaking, even though there were some differences depending on immersion time, and the germination rate of Setaria faberii was a bit higher than that of Setaria glauca. The germination rate of Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii was low in the treatment with $GA_3$, NAA, and the plant hormone, but the seed germination rate has improved and the germination rate of Miscanthus sinensis and Pennisetum alopecuroides showed the improved seed germination rate in low temperature treatment. In case of Lespedeza cuneata and bicolor, the leguminous plants, the treatment with $H_2SO_4$ was most effective for the improvement of seed germination and the decrease in germination time. Only Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, the rose among 3 woody plants showed the seed germination rate above 50% without any additional treatment. Thus, it was thought to be appropriate for greening. Rosa multiflora showed the attribute of germination in a dark condition at low temperature through stratification, despite its low germination rate. Based on the results as above, with respect to the greening using directly collected seeds, Miscanthus sinensis, Pennisetum alopecuroides, and Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora are suitable for greening, because they do not need any additional treatment, and Lespedeza cuneata and bicolor are also suitable for greening because it is possible to improve the germination rate and reduce the germination time through the treatment on the seeds before sowing.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2014

퍼클로레이트($ClO_4^-$)는 지표수는 물론이고 토양지하수의 신규 오염물이다. $ClO_4^-$는 요오드가 갑상선에 흡수되는 것을 방해하므로 갑상선 호르몬 생성을 저하시킨다. $ClO_4^-$는 물에서 매우 용해도가 높고 안정적이라는 특징으로 인해 $ClO_4^-$를 환원하는 세균(PRB)에 의한 생분해가 자연저감의 가장 중요한 요인으로 여겨지고 있다. 산업단지 내 하천은 점 또는 비점오염원으로부터 배출된 $ClO_4^-$에 오염될 잠재성이 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 구미지역 산업단지 내 하천에서 물시료를 채취하여 하천미생물의 $ClO_4^-$ 분해 잠재능을 회분배양으로 조사하였다. 외부 전자공여체를 첨가하지 않고 83시간 동안 배양한 결과 모든 시료는 $ClO_4^-$ 제거효율이 0.77% 이하로 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 외부 전자공여체(acetate, thiosulfate, $S^0$, 또는 $F^0$)를 첨가한 경우는 제거효율이 최고 100%로 나타났고, 첨가된 전자공여체의 종류와 시료채취지점에 따라 제거효율은 다양한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사용한 전자공여체 중에서는 acetate를 사용했을 때 $ClO_4^-$분해효율이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타나 종속영양방식 PRB의 활성이 우세함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 산업단지 내 하천 미생물에 의한 $ClO_4^-$ 자연저감에 대한 기초정보를 제공하여 원위치 생물복원처리에서 $ClO_4^-$ 생분해를 증진하기 위한 전략마련에 유용하게 사용될 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1130-1136
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 꼬시래기 산추출물(acid extraction of Gracilaria verrucosa, AEG)을 이용하여 RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary 인체 전립선 암세포에 대한 증식억제 및 apoptosis 유도효과를 밝히고자 하였다. AEG의 처리는 전립선 암세포에서 24시간에서 농도 의존적으로 증식 억제능을 보이는 반면 정상세포에서는 독성을 나타내지 않아 암세포의 증식만을 선택적으로 억제시킴을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 RC-58T/h/SA#4 세포에서 AEG의 처리는 apoptotic body 형성 및 핵의 형태 변화를 유도하였으며, anti-apoptotic 인자인 Bcl-2 단백질은 감소시키고 pro-apoptotic 인자인 Bax 단백질은 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. Apoptosis의 유발과 관련된 주요인자인 caspase-3 단백질의 발현은 대조구와 비교하여 AEG를 처리한 군에서 caspase-3의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, bisphenol A에 의해 비정상적으로 증식된 전립선 암세포에서 AEG의 처리는 유의적인 전립선암세포 성장억제효능을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 AEG가 RC-58T/h/SA#4 전립선암 세포에서 암세포 성장억제효과 및 apoptosis 유도효과를 나타낸다는 것을 확인하였으며, 환경호르몬에 의해 증식된 암에 대해서도 성장을 억제할 수 있는 효능을 가지고 있음을 증명하였다.