• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of economic agents, such as the amount of government expenditure on the environment, households, manufacturing industry, and shipping activities; on environmental degradation in Indonesia. Research design, data, and methodology: This study is conducted with 264 observations from panel data of 33 provinces during 2010-2017. Environmental degradation is measured by using the environmental quality index collected from Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. Three testing models are used to test the panel data, namely Common Effect Model (CEM), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), and Random Effect Model (REM). Results: The research findings show that the amount of government expenditure on the environment, households, and shipping activities have a negative and significant effects on environmental degradation, while the number of manufacturing industry has positive and significant effect on environmental degradation. Unlike the previous studies, the result also shows that government expenditure on environmental has a positive and significant effect on environmental quality index. Conclusion: It can be concluded that even though Indonesian government spent a low budget on environment, their environmental regulation has succeeded both in reducing environmental degradation and increasing the environmental quality as indicated by Indonesian environmental quality index.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2009

This study found that introduction of environmental systems and increased environmental investment have a major impact on K company's sustainable development. The analysis indicated that the environmental investment variable has a close relationship with production quantity, sales, and the amount of sludge treatment variables in K company. However, all other variables including the cost of disinfection chemicals, and the expenditure of sludge treatment have no relationship with the environmental investment variable. Additionally, short-term results show that the company's environmental expenditure variable is conversely related with the environmental performance variable.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.583-592
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• 2016

In this study, we attempt to provide empirical evidence for the effect of the expenditure of the local governments on the air quality management. Based on the statistical data, the concentrations of air pollutants including $PM_{10}$, $O_3$, and $NO_2$ were analyzed in accordance with local characteristics of the local governments' environmental expenditure, demographic characteristics, and economic and human resources between 2008 and 2014. The results showed that government spending is estimated to have insignificant impact on air pollutants concentration. All these results are consistently corroborated from the analysis based on different alternative measure of local governments' expenditure (budget composition and measure of expenditure residuals). Subsequently, this study implies that environmental expenditures of local governments have not been effectively enforced to enhance the air quality of the region in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.139-162
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• 2009

This paper confirms previous results indicating that the expenditure elasticity of demand for polluting goods plays an important role in achieving efficiency gains from tax reforms. Moreover, this paper finds that the results of the tax reforms depend not only on the size of the expenditure elasticity for the polluting goods but also on the relative size of the expenditure elasticities between polluting goods and clean goods. It also shows that in order to enhance the overall tax efficiency by the environmental tax reform, the expenditure elasticity of demand for clean goods should be larger than that of polluting goods. The result implies the following policy suggestion: When the tax authority considers green tax reforms, the expenditure elasticities should not be neglected to achieve gains in the overall efficiency of the tax system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1755-1760
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• 2006

Studies were carried out at the National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, India to determine the effect of feeding chopped paddy straw (Oryza sativa) on the energy expenditure in crossbred cattle. Four crossbred cattle male, aged 5-6 years and weighing about 450 kg were used for this study. Three experimental trials, one each for the feeding of un-chopped paddy straw offered ad libitum (UCA), chopped paddy straw fed at restricted level (CR) and chopped paddy straw offered ad libitum (CA) were conducted. The quantity of un-chopped paddy straw consumed during UCA was assumed as the voluntary intake by the cattle and the same quantity was offered after chopping during CR. Each trial comprised of 21 d preliminary feeding period and 5 d of observation recording period. Expired gas was collected in Douglas bags using a face-mask and three-way valve at 6 hourly intervals i.e., at 09.30, 15.30, 21.30, and 03.30 h throughout the observation period. Expired gas and ambient air inspired by the animals were analyzed for the oxygen content through paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Energy expenditure (EE) by the animals was calculated by determining the volume of oxygen consumed per minute (STP) and multiplying by 4.825. Paddy straw used in all the three trials contained (g/kg DM) 90.0 CP, 786 OM, 700 NDF, 489 ADF, 357 Cellulose and 60.0 ADL. Metabolizable energy (ME) was 6.9 MJ/kg DM. Dry matter intake (DMI) both in UCA and CR was about 6.8 kg, except that it was chopped in CR. Chopping has resulted in 32% improvement (9 kg) in DMI of CA as compared to that of UCA. Although ME intake was similar in UCA and CR (47.2 MJ/day), energy expenditure (EE) was higher in UCA (23.3 MJ) when compared to that of CR (19.5 MJ). The ME intake (63.3 MJ) as well as EE (27.1 MJ) was highest in CA. Energy expenditure when expressed as MJ/kg DMI was 3.48, 2.90 and 3.12; whereas as per cent of ME intake it was 50, 41 and 44 in UCA, CR and CA respectively. Our study has unequivocally confirmed that chopping of poor quality roughages like paddy straw has definite advantages not only in terms of improving the intake by decreasing the time taken for ingestion but also in reducing the energy cost of eating.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.237-255
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• 2012

We review the research literature on relationship between environmental regulation and industrial development in three aspects of environmental regulation and investment, environmental regulation and efficiency, environmental regulation and trade. Indeed, the linkage between environmental regulation and material consumption of industrial system is absent. Environmental regulation is measured as the expenditure share for industrial pollutants abatement, and effluent charge intensity. Using panel-level data from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, we build correlation models between material consumption and environmental regulation, results show that: (1) there are significant quadratic function relationship between material consumption and environmental regulation. And there is the fact that inflection point exists. (2) On basis of inflection points, we make two remarkable reflections. Firstly, the inflection points are the most important scale to judge reasonability and performance of regulations. Secondly, a Pareto improvement may occur when the regulations achieve a certain target. (3) Both intensities of industrial pollutants abatement expenditure and effluent charge have not yet achieved the expected target in most regions of mainland China at present. And most of regions of material consumption decreasing are distributed in western China. Main reasons lie in the impacts of industrial features as well as the regulations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.204-215
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• 2020

Efforts on the continued increase of local government's fiscal spending related to improving the residential environment are desirable to counter the declining phenomenon of urban decline. At the same time, however, it is also important to know how to operate limited finances more efficiently to improve the residential environment. This study aims to contribute to the rational allocation of fiscal expenditure and the creation of productive results for the improvement of the settlement environment. To this end, this study analyzed the efficiency of financial expenditure related to the improvement of the residential environment in 225 local governments nationwide. The relationship between financial expenditure and residential environmental performance was also measured and the CCR, BCC and SBM models were used to measure efficiency. The analysis showed that most local governments need to scale back their fiscal spending related to improving the government environment. In addition, it was required to prepare feasible spending plans by bench-marking the processes of residential environment improvement projects in areas such as Haman-gun, Jongno-gu, Seoul, and Seocho-gu, which are considered to be under efficient operation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1203-1213
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• 2013

Governmental accounting system has changed from budgetary accounting on the basis of cash and bookkeeping by single entry to financial accounting on the basis of accrual and bookkeeping by double entry. In the context of this transition, infrastructure becomes considered an asset in accounting, and resulting accounting methods also take different approaches from conventional budgetary accounting. Financial accounting system defines expenditures into two categories, i.e. capital expenditure(CAPEX) and operational expenditure(OPEX), and stipulates that the expenditure shall be divided into those two categories before accounting. The construction and expansion of infrastructure must be considered a CAPEX because it means a sort of asset acquisition, but with regard to applications in practical accounting, it is actually challenging to judge whether any expenditure associated with maintenance works (including repair and service) during use of infrastructure acquired shall be considered CAPEX or OPEX. This paper suggested an asset management based accounting method for sewer maintenance expenditure. And it applied the method to actual accounting cases and analyzed them in comparison with conventional financial information. As a case study result, Sewer asset value of S city increased approximately 700 hundred won because sewer maintenance expenditure are classified between OPEX and CAPEX according to the proposed accounting method. It is expected that the proposed accounting method will contribute significantly to providing any proper sewer asset value information.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.600-603
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• 2005

U.S. National Research Council proposed benefits framework for energy R&D project as economic benefits, environmental benefits, security benefits and knowledge benefits. Following this framework, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory evaluated the projected benefits of Federal Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs in the indicators of energy-expenditure savings, energy system cost savings, $CO_2$ emissions reductions. oil savings, natural gas saving and avoided additions to central conventional power. As this result, geothermal energy have predominant position in the energy-expenditure savings, natural gas saving and avoided addi t ions to central conventional power to FY2050. The projected benefits, in monetary value, of the whole supply-potential of geothermal energy in Korea were evaluated as 480.2 billion Won, 43.1 billion Won and 135.8 billion Won for the private energy-cost savings, social environmental-cost savings, and import energy-cost saving, respectively.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2005

This study examines factors determining contemporary Chinese households' food away from home (FAFH) expenditures using Becker's household production theory. Data came from the 2000 urban household survey in Guangdong Province, collected by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of China. It was revealed that the contemporary urban Chinese wives also substitute their household work by time-saving product, FAFH, as Becker's household production theory postulated. This suggests the important role of time-value (opportunity cost) in determining household FAFH expenditure across the cultures.