• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.192-201
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• 2015

Information on plant diversity and community structure are required to chalk out necessary actions for conservation management. The present study assessed the composition and diversity of tree species in Kamalachari Natural Forest of Chittagong South Forest Division, Bangladesh, during April 2010 to November 2011. A total of 107 tree species belonging to 72 genera and 37 families were recorded, where Moraceae family was represented by maximum (11) species. Density, Basal area and volume of tree species were $418{\pm}20.09stem/ha$, $21.10{\pm}2.62m^2/ha$ and $417.4{\pm}79.8m^3/ha$ respectively. Diameter and height class distribution of tree species revealed an almost reverse J-shaped curve. Both the number of species and percentage of tree individuals were maximum in the lower DBH and height ranges. Anthropogenic disturbances like illegal tree cutting, over extraction, settlement inside forest area etc. were noticed during the study, which are supposed to cause gradual decrease of both tree species and individuals in the higher DBH and height classes. However, Artocarpus chama was found dominant showing maximum IVI followed by Schima wallichii, Aporosa wallichii, and Lithocarpus acuminata. The quantitative structure of the tree species of Kamalachari natural forest is comparable to other tree species rich tropical natural forests. The findings of the study may help in monitoring future plant population changes of the identified species and adopting species specific conservation programs in Kamalachari natural forest.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.573-580
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• 2003

In Taiwan there are 21 Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI) built to treat 80% of the MSW nationwide. Approximately 2,000 tons of incineration ashes of municipal waste contain reaction ash and fly ash (3:1 by weight)will be produced daily, and this may cause a serious waste problem. According to EPA regulations, reaction ash and fly ash produced after incineration should be properly treated. Landfill capacity barely meets the general demands. More efficient actions should be planned and taken. The study found 'reclamation' should be the optimal solution to this problem. Only limited research and previous successful experiences are available among other countries. An incinerator in Northern Taiwan is chosen for this study to make environmental bricks from the reaction ash and fly ash. From the previous tests, the results of strength test were measured. From the previous test results, the fly ash products have not reached the desired strength; hence, reaction ash is chosen for further pilot study. In the experiment, incineration ashes, cement and gravel are mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1(by weight), to ground concretization aggregate and pelletization aggregate, the concrete products made from the aggregates were of the strength of 108 $kgf/cm^2$ and 142 $kgf/cm^2$ individually. For the purpose of making nonstructural walls which met the State Building Standards. In the study, 50 tons of concrete products was yielded from aggregate and environmental bricks. Further observation and supervision are recommended to ascertain the resource recycling and reclamation. EPA has planned to build three 'Recycling Plants' in northern, middle and southern Taiwan to develop efficient techniques to produce concrete products, sub-base course, soundproofing wall, gravel, artificial fishing reefs, tiles, drainage, bricks and etc. This experiment of the demonstrative plant solves the problem of the incineration ashes and opens another opportunity to reclaim them.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.8-17
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• 2013

The contamination of chlorinated ethenes at an industrial complex, Wonju, Korea, was examined based on sixteen rounds of groundwater quality data collected from 2009 to 2013. Remediation technologies such as soil vapor extraction, soil flushing, biostimulation, and pumping-and-treatment have been applied to eliminate the contaminant sources of trichloroethylene (TCE) and to prevent the migration of TCE plume from remediation target zones. At each remediation target zone, temporal monitoring data before and after the application of remediation techniques showed that the aqueous concentrations of TCE plume present at and around the main source areas decreased significantly as a result of remediation technologies. However, the TCE concentration of the plumes at the downstream area remained unchanged in response to the remediation action, but it showed a great fluctuation according to seasonal recharge variation during the monitoring period. Therefore, variations in the contaminant flux across three transects were analyzed. Prior to the remediation action, the concentration and mass discharges of TCE at the transects were affected by seasonal recharge variation and residual DNAPLs sources. After the remediation, the effect of remediation took place clearly at the transects. By tracing a time-series of plume evolution, a greater variation in the TCE concentrations was detected at the plumes near the source zones compared to the relatively stable plumes in the downstream. The difference in the temporal profiles of TCE concentrations between the plumes in the source zone and those in the downstream could have resulted from remedial actions taken at the source zones. This study demonstrates that long term monitoring data are useful in assessing the effectiveness of remediation practices.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1993

The international environmental activity and environmental education began in 1970's. Environmental education in Korea was emphasized since the Forth National Curriculum. The Environmental Curriculum was regarded as one of the most important part in the Sixth National Curriculum in Korea. Environment-related reference texts of Elementary school were already developed. Soon, 'Environment' of middle school and 'Environmental Science' of high school will be developed. The purpose of this study were to analyse environment-related texts in the Fifth National Curriculum and to measure how much environmental education has achieved. As a environmental text for regular class, selected the environmental part in 'Science Part 1' and as environment-related reference text, 'Survival and Environment'. The environmental part of 'Science Part 1' was unit [Life and Environment]. According to the analysis of objectives, most of unit objectives were not stated in a detailed and precise manner. When the goals of environmental education were divided into four fields as follows, knowledge and information, skill, thinking and attitude, behavior and participation, unit objectives were mostly emphasized on knowledge and information of environment, exactly 44.5% of unit objectives and 89.6% of subunit objectives. The degree of relationship between unit objectives and contents was low. All the Check up-problems were about knowledge and information of environment. Environment-related reference text, 'Survival and Environment' was the only reference text for high school students in Korea and was organized in the form of the regular curriculum text. It was developed in Korean Education Development, Center with support of Korean Environmental Ministry in 1990. According to the analysis of 'Survival and Environment', the objectives of units and subunits were less stressed on knowledge and information than those of unit [Life and Environment] in the environmental part of 'Science Part 1' On the other hand, they were a little more stressed on skill, thinking and attitude, behavior and participation. And fifteen of all the seventy subunit objectives were not related with contents. In organization, this text included Thinking problems, Experiments and Inquiries, Reading, Developed studies and Check up-problem etc. It was remarkable that Inquiries leaded to individual activities and Developed studies to group discussions or individual inquiries. And as Check-up problems were presented as a form of activities, students could achieve many various objectives at the same time by solving one problem. To measure the achievement of environmental education by questionnaire, 497 high school students in total were selected from five different schools. Scores in subtest 'behavior and participation' and subtest 'thinking and attitudes' were 13.19 and 18.18, respectively. Actually, most students had a positive thinkings and attitudes in their hearts about environmental problems, but many of them actually did not take actions to solve environmental problems and to protect environment. Scores in subtest 'knowledge and information' and subtest 'skill' were 10.76 and 10.81, respectively. The higher the score students got in 'knowledge and information', the higher the score in 'skill'. It implies that learning of skills is based on learning of knowledges and informations about environment has not always ensured positive thinkings and attitudes or active behaviors and participations to solve environmental problem.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.578-591
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• 2003

To investigate the seasonal variation patterns of tidal flat sediments in semi-enclosed Hampyong and Kwangyang Bays, respectively west and south coasts of Korea, accumulation rate and grain-size in the sediments were monitored during 2${\sim}$4 years. The mud flats in the northern and eastern parts of Hampyong Bay were eroded in summer and deposited in winter, but mixed flats in the southern part of the bay show reversed seasonal variations to the mud flats. These variations are most likely connected with wave actions induced by monsoon and physiographic setting of the tidal flats in the bay. In contrast, the tidal flats of Kwangyang Bay were eroded in summer and deposited in other seasons except summer, different from the case of Hampyong Bay. The physiography of Kwangyang Bay are characterized by dominant flood tides and weak wave actions. However, in summer, the surface sediments were abruptly eroded by occasional typhoons and heavy rainfall. These weather conditions appear to be important factors to accelerate erosion on the tidal flat in semi-enclosed bays, south coast of Korea.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2018

Anti-diabetes activity of Catharsius molossus (Ca, a type of dung beetle) glycosaminoglycan (G) was evaluated to reduce glucose, creatinine kinase, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in db mice. Diabetic mice in six groups were administrated intraperitoneally: Db heterozygous (Normal), Db homozygous (CON), Heuchys sanguinea glycosaminoglycan (HEG, 5 mg/kg), dung beetle glycosaminoglycan (CaG, 5 mg/kg), bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) queen glycosaminoglycan (IQG, 5 mg/kg) and metformin (10 mg/kg), for 1 month. Biochemical analyses in the serum were evaluated to determine their anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory actions in db mice after 1 month treatment with HEG, CaG or IQG treatments. Blood glucose level was decreased by treatment with CaG. CaG produced significant anti-diabetic actions by inhiting creatinine kinase and alkaline phosphatase levels. As diabetic parameters, serum glucose level, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased in CaG5-treated group compared to the controls. Dung beetle glycosaminoglycan, compared to the control, could be a potential therapeutic agent with anti-diabetic activity in diabetic mice. CaG5-treated group, compared to the control, showed the up-regulation of 48 genes including mitochondrial yen coded tRNA lysine (mt-TK), cytochrome P450, family 8/2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1 (Cyp8b1), and down-regulation of 79 genes including S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100a9) and immunoglobulin kappa chain complex (Igk), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoenzymeAsynthase1 (Hmgcs1). Moreover, mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt-TK), was up-regulated, and calgranulin A (S100a9) were down-regulated by CaG5 treatment, indicating a potential therapeutic use for anti-diabetic agent.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.52-55
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• 2006

It's used to be said that tsunami is a rare event. The recurrence time of tsunami in Sumatra area is approximately 230 years as CalTech Research Group‘s study from paleocoral. However, the tsunami occurred in Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, 28 March 2005 and 17 July 2006, because the earthquakes still release the energy. To cope with the tsunami disaster, we have to put the much effort on better disaster preparedness. The Tsunami Reduction Of Impacts through three Key Actions (TROIKA) was suggested by Eddie N. Bernard, the director of NOAA/PMEL (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory). They are Hazard Assessment, Mitigation and Warning Guidance. The satellite remote sensing has potential on these actions. The medium and high resolution satellite data were used to assess the degree of damage at the six-damaged provinces on the Andaman seacoast of Thailand. Fast and reliable interpretation of the damage by remote sensing method can be used for inundation mapping, rehabilitation and housing plans for the victims. For tsunami mitigation, the satellite data can be used with GIS to construct the evacuation map (evacuation route and refuge site) and coastal zone management. It is also helpful for educational program for local residents and school systems. Tsunami is a kind of ocean wave, therefore any satellite sensors such as SAR, Altimeter, MODIS, Landsat, SPOT, IKONOS can detect the tsunami wave in 2004. The satellite images have shown the characteristics of tsunami wave approaching the coast. For warning, satellite data has potential for early warning to detect the tsunami wave in deep ocean, if there are enough satellite constellation to monitor and detect the first tsunami wave like the pressure gauge, seismograph and tide gauge with the DART buoy can do. Moreover, the new methods should be developed to analyse the satellite data more faster for early warning procedure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 2020

Shear walls are structural members in buildings that are used extensively in reinforced concrete frame buildings, and almost exclusively in the UK, regardless of whether or not they are actually required. In recent years, the UK construction industry, led by the Concrete Centre, has questioned the need for such structural elements in low to mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings. In this context, a typical modern, 5-storey residential building is studied, and its existing shear walls are replaced with columns as used elsewhere in the building. The aim is to investigate the impact of several design variables, including concrete grade, column size, column shape and slab thickness, on the building's structural performance, considering two punching shear limits (V_Ed/V_Rd,c), lateral drift and accelerations, to evaluate its maximum possible height under wind actions without the inclusion of shear walls. To facilitate this study, a numerical model has been developed using the ETABS software. The results demonstrate that the building examined does not require shear walls in the design and has no lateral displacement or acceleration issues. In fact, with further analysis, it is shown that a similar building could be constructed up to 13 and 16 storeys high for 2 and 2.5 punching shear ratios (V_Ed/V_Rd,c), respectively, with adequate serviceability and strength, without the need for shear walls, albeit with thicker columns.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.624-629
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• 2010

Nardostachys jatamansi water extract (NJ) has long been used for the treatment of inflammation-and immune-mediated disorders in the oriental countries. However, its site of action and pharmacological mechanism are not fully investigated. In this study, the authors tried to explore the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of NJ. First of all, NJ has no harmful effects on viability of neuronal cell line HT22 cells in the dose range of 300 mg/ml. On the contrary, it shows cytoprotective effects on the cells treated with reactive oxygen species H2O2. Probably the cytoprotective effects of NJ might be caused by its ability to induce well known cytoprotective gene hem oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, NJ shows inhibitory effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production which are known to destroy the integrity of both cells and tissues. It also inhibits potent proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production. The blocking effects of NJ on cytopathic and proinflammatory actions of LPS might be caused by the induction of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory genes HO-1 in macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 cells. The results in this study suggest NJ could be used for the amelioration of inflammation which is underlying mechanism responsible for most chronic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.126-136
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• 2013

Aircraft accidents these days, following the mega sizing trend of the aircraft, result in enormous losses of human lives apart from those of property, which cannot be replaced by any means. As most recently, in April 20, 2012, a Boeing 737 passenger plane departed Karachi on an augural flight to Islamabad, Pakistan, crashed close to an express highway on final approach, all 121 passengers and 6 crew members were killed. As such a large number of fatalities have been recorded in aircraft accidents while accident investigation results show that more than 95% of aircraft accidents are now survivable. There are three basic stages in surviving the aircraft accident: surviving the crash impact, the evacuation process and the hostile post evacuation environmental elements. These stages require the cabin crew's expeditious and appropriate actions on the basis of systematic and thorough cabin safety training in order to increase occupants' survivability, along with the passengers' preparedness. In this aspect, this paper examines the issues acting as the impediments to the passenger survival in inflight emergency situations, that are the deficiencies with cabin crew safety training, related performances and the shortcomings in passengers' knowledge on inflight safety information, leading to their inappropriate responses to emergency situations. These issues are analyzed and the root causes are identified, suggesting the resolving countermeasures.