• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2005

This study analyzes the recognition of commercial business men and employers who operate the commercial zone along the streets in the downtown area on the planting for the roadside green space forming the important frame of greening in the downtown among the open spaces. Through the analysis, this study attempts to get the basic data to suggest the recommendable directions in planting and managing the street trees in the downtown. The results of this study are summarized as described below. The street green spaces are very important in improving the environment of the downtown and their necessities are also very critical. It was found that the street trees were recognized as the critical factor to enhance the aesthetical values of the city, provide the green shades and purify the air. This study also identified that the street trees have the positive impacts on the business environment rather than negative impacts. In maintaining the street green spaces, the most necessity is the service facility such as resting areas, toilets and garbage bins with the street trees. The commercial business men and employers who operate the businesses along the streets preferred the double layer type that the tall trees and green walls are planted together along the streets for the street planting. For securing the green shades in the city, the planting of linear green spaces such as streets and waterways is critical. Moreover, the street trees accounts for the important position in the urban open spaces. The majority of commercial business men and employers consider the participation of citizens for greening as the very essential factor.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.249-280
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• 2014

IPCC requires the national uncertainties which show how credible the emission of greenhouse gases is. But the Korean government did not submit the total uncertainties, only the detailed uncertainties by items. Also it uses the default values of IPCC including some missing values. This paper tries to estimate the total uncertainties of energy by categories, which accounts for 85.3% in national emission of greenhouse gases. Concretely, it uses Tier 1 method suggested by IPCC. As a result of the analysis, the uncertainties in energy category are 3.4% similar to Finland's. But there was a big difference among greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide 2.7%, methane 116% and nitrous oxide 473%. So this paper suggests Korean government need to improve not only the activity but also the emission factor of data in order to reduce the national uncertainties in energy category.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2010

In an effort to investigate the characteristics of synoptic meteorological conditions in association with long-range transport of haze phenomena occurred over Korea, we statistically classified characteristics of haze events into two types of haze: stagnant case and long-range transport case, based on the synoptic meteorological parameters, and analyze comparatively the characteristics of synoptic meteorological conditions for each case. The results showed that the occurrence frequency of stagnant case accounts for 64.5%, showing superiority of stagnant haze cases over the long-range transport case which occupies only 35.5% among total 67 cases for the period from 2000 to 2007. This result indicates that haze phenomena occurred over Korea has influenced by not only the emission in Korea by itself but long range transport effects originating from China inland. The synoptic condition on 850hPa level showed that, when stagnant case occurred, Korean peninsula was located under the effects of negative vorticity with the significantly weak wind speed and stable atmospheric condition. In contrast, long-range transport case shows positive vorticity and relatively strong wind speed over 850hPa level, especially with the location of high pressure system over the area of southwestern China. This location of high pressure system implies to induce the westerlies or northwesteries consistently due to its pressure gradient by itself. Also other comparative studies haze days (vs.) Asian dust days are carried out, and we found out that the patterns of long-range transport of haze phenomena in Korea shows similar to Asian dust case but the static stability condition indicates more stabilized atmospheric condition than dust phenomena.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-85
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• 2010

Currently, environmental contaminants that can cause Aromatic types of hydrocarbons, less than 1% made of Aromatic Free kind of used products, soybean oil products with linseed oil with the products, rice products using a wide range of environmentally ecological ink since 2000 is released quickly. All materials used in printed material, if the green is the best way to print the composite materials in industrial applications, because each process on the print quality and productivity, there can be many differences in this experiment because it accounts for a large proportion in the print general ink in the ink section and the International color standards(ISO2846-1:2006) certified ecological ink were compared. Therefore, in this paper has the ink released from the same company, each common general ink and ecological ink in the same condition which results were focused on whether the emerging international color standard(ISO 2846-1:2006) recognized for environmentally ecological ink printed color reproduction of the actual offset(color reproduction) how conformity to ISO 12647-2 standard color on the basis of the offset would check Color Reproduction. Based on the results of the experiments of this study, given the ecological ink coated paper, uncoated paper both color difference and the gamut of the ISO 12647-2 standard is suitable for ecological ink, the ink's color gamut reproduction, even more than existing international standards, there is no confirmed that the correct color reproduction possible. Using environmentally ecological ink industries is expected to respond to environmental policy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2012

The transportation sector accounts for 33% of the total $CO_2$ emissions. Effective control measures for reducing $CO_2$ emissions are urgently needed to address global warming. Objective and reliable methods to estimate $CO_2$ emissions are a prerequisite for the implementation of such effective control measures. However, existing models have not been successful. Even though the average-speed model is one of the most convenient and useful methods for estimating $CO_2$ emissions, it cannot distinguish between a variety of roads as well as traffic conditions in the model. The results of this study found that there may be significant discrepancies between emissions estimated by the current average-speed model and those measured in real driving conditions. This paper proposed the subdivision of emission factors in the average-speed model depending on both traffic and road conditions.

• Journal of odor and indoor environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 2017

It is very important to treat infected livestock carcasses safely and quickly. In this study, the degradation characteristics and odor generation characteristics of carcasses were investigated during the treatment of swine carcasses using the anaerobic burial composting method. While the carcasses were decomposed, the temperature remained high, at $40{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ on average, and most of the carcasses were decomposed rapidly. The major odor-contributing substances in the buried composting method are sulfuric odor substances such as $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the odor contribution of these substances is 93~99%. Among them, $CH_3SH$, which accounts for about 56~89% of odor contribution, was the most representative indicator substance. Despite the anaerobic digestion process, the methane concentration in the digestion process was as low as 0.5~0.8% at the burial point of the carcass. The odor and methane produced during the decomposition of the carcasses decreased considerably during the discharge to the surface layer through the buried layer consisting of compost. These results suggest that anaerobic high temperature burial composting is one of the most useful methods to treat carcasses of infected livestock.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.5-17
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• 2009

The microcomputer program PileNSF (Pile Negative Skin Friction) is developed by the authors in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment using $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for predicting the bearing capacity of a pile embedded in a consolidating ground by surcharge loading. The proposed method extends the one-dimensional soil-pile model based on the nonlinear load transfer method in OpenSees to perform an advanced one-dimensional consolidation settlement analysis based on finite strain. The developed program has significant features of incorporating Mikasa's finite strain consolidation theory that accounts for reduction in the thickness of the clay layer as well as the change of the soil-pile interface length during the progress of consolidation. In addition, the consolidating situation of the ground by surcharge filling after the time of pile installation can also be considered in the analysis. The program analysis by the presented method has been verified and validated with several case studies of long-term test on single piles subjected to negative skin friction. Predicted results of negative skin friction (downdrag and dragload) as a result of long from consolidation settlement are shown to be in good agreement with measured and observed case data.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

The study of ecosystem service assessment has been actively researched and developed from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity(TEEB). However, current assessments are limited to monetary assessments of ecosystem function and do not account for the effects of environmental factors and socioeconomic status. This study proposes methods to evaluate ecosystem service based on environmental and socioeconomic factors. The study assesses water yield function through the water yield model in InVEST Tool, and evaluates the overall ecosystem service of water yield as reflected by the amount of precipitation and population of the area. Results show that a difference exists between spatial distributions of the ecosystem function of water yield derived from natural conditions such as land cover and soil, and the spatial distribution of the ecosystem service that accounts for climate and socioeconomic factors. The value of ecosystem service increases for an area of higher population and lower precipitation with similar water yield. Thus, the ecosystem service of water yield should be evaluated not only by the water yield function, but also by climate and socioeconomic factors. The evaluation process described for this study should also be applicable to the evaluation of ecological services in other sectors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.2025-2036
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• 2000

A physicochemical process called ultra rapid coagulation(URC) was applied as a pilot scale to recover eutrophicated lake water at Inkyung Lake located on-campus in Inha university. The URC was uniquely designed to completely remove the presence of phosphorus up to 95%, which in turn leading to lessen the level of eutrophication of lake. For a pilot test of period, the lake was restored showing Carlson's Trophic State Index(TSI) of mesotrophic state which accounts for the reduction of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a down to approximately 55 from 70 and 73, respectively. A residual presence of aluminum and additional coagulants in the effluent was tested for their potential effects on Photobacterium phosphoreum. The effect concentration ($EC_{50}$-15 min) observed in the effluent revealed that the bioactivity of Photobacterium phosphoreum was not influenced by the residual presence of coagulants. After the pilot test of period, the lake was consequently restored as a mesotrophic state in obtaining the second grade of lake water quality. The URC may be further applied for restoration of greater scale of lake in eutrophication.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.5 s.180
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• pp.615-626
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• 2006

The natural resources and material life-cycle include all human activities related to resources and material extraction, transportation, processing, use, recovery and disposal. Sustainable material management (SMM) is an integrated set of policy approaches targeted on economic agents throughout the material life-cycles and designed to result in economically efficient and environmentally effective material use. The material flows of industrial mineral, ores and fossil fuels have also long been a focal area for environmental policies because of the high environmental pressures associated with extraction, processing, consumption, and final disposal of these materials. OECD work on material flow is to improve the quantitative and analytical knowledge bases about natural resource and material flows within and among countries, so as to better understand the importance of material resources in member countries' economies. In several EU Member States, material flow accounts are part of official statistics. Material flow analysis (MFA) is a valuation method which assesses the efficiency of use of materials using information from material flow accounting. Material flow analysis helps to identify waste of natural resources and other materials in the economy which would otherwise go unnoticed in conventional economic monitoring systems. Resource use and resource efficiency has emerged as a major issue for long-term sustainability and environmental policy.