• 혜화의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2011

Backgrounds: Multidisciplinary approaches including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are currently being performed to target various cancers in Western Medicine. However, some cancers still remain difficult to battle, which has long attracted many scientists for the discovery of new agents to fight cancers. Ginseng is one of the herbs used in Oriental Medicine including Korea, China and Japan. We have further investigated ginseng for its anticancer effect. Objective: This is a comprehensive review summary of anticancer effect of ginseng and ginsenoids as a possible agent for future cancer treatment. Methods: Data were retrieved from two web sites; www.pubmed.com and www.riss.kr, and authorized texts concerning anticancer effects of ginseng. From collected data, information on anticancer effect of ginseng was thoroughly sorted, restructured, then assessed. Results: Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer belongs to Araliaceae Panax family, a perennial prairie plant with its root known as Ginseng Radix. Ginseng induces anticancer effect through cell cycle arrest, acceleration of apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, and suppression of metastasis. Anticancer effect of ginseng may be due to single compound or multi-compound actions. Many studies report involvement of immune mechanisms of cytokines, Natural Killer (NK) cells, macrophages and some antibodies in enhancing anticancer effect of ginseng. In near future, possibility of applying these mechanisms into clinical trials is convinced. There were some important findings on saponin in ginsenoids in reviewing for this article; First, eradication of metastatic tumors were influenced by macrophage activation. Second, suppression of malignant melanoma cell metastasis to lung were induced by macrophage and NK cell activation in spleen with red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP). Third, final metabolites of M1, M4 had exerted anticancer effect of ginseng. Conclusion: Unknown anticancer mechanisms of ginseng have been studied for many years up until now. Ginseng is comprised of multiple bio-chemical compounds that create complex pharmaceutical interactions. Therefore, for its proper usage and safe prescription, studies on different types of ginseng and patients' susceptibility to ginseng according to their constitution and stages of the disease should be further pursued. More efforts are needed to understand the anticancer mechanisms of ginseng as well.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.315-328
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Bunsimgieum on antitumor effect after sarcoma-180 cells transplantation into peritoneal cavity or left groin and immune responses on the depressed immunity induced by methotrexate in mice. The Bunsimgieum extract of 10mg/kg was orally administered 14 days for antitumor effects and 21 days for immune responses. 50% inhibitory concentration($IC_{50}$) of SUN-1, SUN-C4, and SUN-396 cancer cell, mean sunvival days and body weight of tumor bearing mice, and growth of tumor mass for antitumor effect; delayed type hypersentivity, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysis titer, rosette forming cells, natured killer cell activity, lymphocyte transformation, productivity of interleukin-2, and phagocytic activity for their immune responses were measured in ICR mice. Significance in antitumor effect is noted in the enlongation of mean life days and inhibition of tumor growth(p<0.01, respectively). Significance of immune responses is also noted in hemolysis titer, lymphocyte transfumotion, IL-2 productivity, phagocytic activity, and natural killer cell activity at E/T ratio 100:1(p<0.01, respectively). Significant in rosette cell formation was seen at dosage of 20mg/kg(p<0.01). However, Difference of body weight as antitumor effect, delayed type hypersensitivity, and hemagglutinin titer were not shown significantly. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Bunsimgieum has prominent antitumor and immunity enhancing effect.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.497-521
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• 2012

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of social capital, health risk behavior and health status on medical care utilization by the elderly. The data and Research method Data were obtained from the 4th wave survey of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. 4,087 household members aged 65 years and over were subject to analysis. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. we performed a structural equation modeling(SEM) analysis to evaluate the effect of social capital and mediating effect of health risk behavior and health status. Results Results showed that factors related to medical care utilization of the elderly were different depending on types of service (inpatient and outpatient service) except health status. Age, higher social capital, more health-risk behavior and poorer health status were associated with increased use of inpatient service. Social capital was found to have a positive direct effect on it. Also, social capital had an indirect effect on reducing use of inpatient services by improving health status. On the other hand, lower age and higher household income tended to increase use of outpatient service, while higher social capital and higher health status were inversely related. Social capital had a direct effect and an indirect effect on reducing use of outpatient service and, at that time, health status played a mediating role. Conclusions Social capital may contribute to improve health status and indirectly reduce medical care utilization of the elderly by enhancing their health status. These results provide evidence that more policy and strategy considerations should be needed for the elderly to strengthen their social capital in order to enhance their levels of health and more efficient utilization of medical care.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.162-174
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• 1997

연구배경 : HSVtk 유전자를 암세포에 이입하여 GCV에 대해 선택적으로 감수성을 증가시키는 HSVtk/GCV 유전자치료에서 bystander effect는 모든 암세포에 유전자를 이입하지 않고도 치료효과를 얻을 수 있도록 한다. 그러나 현존하는 viral vector는 유전자이입 효율이 낮아 임상적으로 치료효과를 기대하는데는 한계가 있다. 따라서 유전자의 이입효율이 높은 새로운 vector의 개발과 함께 bystander effect의 극대화를 통해 치료효과를 증가시킬 수 있는 방법 등이 요구된다. 최근 gap junction을 통한 세포간의 metablic cooperation이 bystander effect의 주요기전임이 밝혀졌고 retinoids는 gap junction을 통한 세포간의 communication을 증가시킨다고 보고되었다. 저자들은 HSVtk/GCV 유전자치료에서 bystander effect에 미치는 retinoids의 효과를 조사하였다. 방 법 : Adenovus와 retrovirus vector를 이용하여 connexin 43를 발현하는 악성중피종세포와 connexin 43를 발현하지 않는 SKHep-J 세포주에 HSVtk 유전자를 이입한 후 HSVtk 유전자가 이입된 세포와 HSVtk 유전자가 이입되지 않은 세포들을 여러가지 비율로 혼합한 mixing study를 시행하였으며 $10^{-10}M-10^{-6}M$ RA 처리 유무에 따른 bystander effect에 의한 살상효과를 비교하였다. 그리고 gap junction을 통한 세포간의 communication에 대한 retinoids의 영향을 조사하기 위해 retinoids 처리에 따른 세포간 communication을 FACS를 이용하여 double-dye transfer study로 측정하였다. 결 과 : Connexin 43를 발현하지 않는 SKHep-J 세포주에서는 RA 처리유무에 따른 bystander effect에 의한 살상효과의 차이가 없었다. 그러나 connexin 43를 발현하는 악성중피종 세포주에서는 $10^{-8}M-10^{-6}M$ RA처리시 세포간의 communication과 bystander effect가 RA를 처리하지 않은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되었다. 결 론 : RA는 gap junction을 통한 세포간의 communication을 증가시켜 HSVtk/GCV 유전자치료에서 bystander effect에 의한 살상효과를 증가시켰다. 이러한 결과는 HSVtk/GCV 유전자치료의 효과를 증가시킬 수 있는 새로운 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.248-262
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• 2016

Most Korean companies in the fashion industry are SMEs, and the role of the CEO and management ownership is important for enhancing the firm's competence and developing strategies. The study aims to examine the effect of management ownership on company financial growth. In particular, the study focuses on the moderating effect of company age and size on Korean fashion SMEs' financial outcomes. Financial data based on company financial statements from 2012 to 2014 was collected by the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System of Korea's Financial Supervisory Service. A total of 295 companies' (domestic fashion businesses) data was analyzed by the bootstrap method. The median sales value in the financial year 2014 was 47,492,403,958 KRW, and the company size was divided by it. The companies were in business for an average of 20 years. According to the results, the management ownership had a negative effect on Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the three-years, and the relationship between the two variables was moderated by company age. Additionally, the interaction effect of management ownership and company age on 3-CAGR was also moderated by company size. When the companies had spent only a few years in business, a negative effect of management ownership for small firms and a positive effect of management ownership on financial growth for medium firms were found. These results suggest that small companies starting business need to manage their company governance structure to make flexible decisions, and after retaining financial growth, the companies can expand their businesses based on strong ownership.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.324-333
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• 2004

To determine whether Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) treatment represents a potential means of enhancing the survival of cardiac muscle cells from adriamycin (ADR)-induced cell death, the present study examined the ability of IGF-I to prevent cell death. The study was performed utilising the embryonic, rat, cardiac muscle cell line, H9C2. Incubating cardiac muscle cells in the presence of adriamycin increased cell death, as determined by MTT assay and annexin V-positive cell number. The addition of 100 ng/mL IGF-I, in the presence of adriamycin, decreased apoptosis. The effect of IGF-I on phosphorylation of PI, a substrate of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) or protein kinase B (AKT), was also examined in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells. IGF-I increased the phosphorylation of ERK 1 and 2 and $PKC{\;}{\zeta}{\;}kinase$. The use of inhibitors of PI 3-kinase (LY 294002), in the cell death assay, demonstrated partial abrogation of the protective effect of IGF-I. The MEK1 inhibitor-PD098059 and the PKC inhibitor-chelerythrine exhibited no effect on IGF-1-induced cell protection. In the regulatory subunit of PI3K-p85- dominant, negative plasmid-transfected cells, the IGF-1-induced protective effect was reversed. This data demonstrates that IGF-I protects cardiac muscle cells from ADR-induced cell death. Although IGF-I activates several signaling pathways that contribute to its protective effect in other cell types, only activation of PI 3-kinase contributes to this effect in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of bovine colostral whey fractions on in vitro proliferation of mouse splenocytes, polypeptide fractions were separated from acid whey into 3 fractions depending on molecular weight by ultrafiltration: Fraction I, which contains the polypeptide larger than 10,000 Da, Fraction n, which contains the polypeptide ranging from 1,000 Da to 10,000 Da and Fraction III, which contains the polypeptide smaller than 1,000 Da. Fraction II showed the highest proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes among the colostral whey fractions and this proliferative activity increased in dose dependent manner. Unheated Fraction II and Fraction III showed significantly (p<0.01) higher proliferative effects than others but heated Fraction II showed the highest enhancing effect of mouse splenocyte among heated whey fractions (p<0.01). The supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m showed greater proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) than that of whole whey or Fraction L Proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was the highest when Fraction II was supplemented Proliferative effect of the colostral whey fractions on mouse splenocytes by stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was markedly enhanced by supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m compared with whole whey and Fraction L It was estimated that colostral whey fraction containing IGF-I positively affected proliferation of mouse splenocyte.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

The competition to acquire customers with repurchase intention is getting more and more intense in the saturated smartphone market. That is why the aim of this study is to investigate the difference in purchasing determinants between various age groups and gender. Furthermore we aimed to analyze which of the purchasing determinants influence repurchase intention. In order to gather information we conducted a survey on 252 respondents. We selected 5 purchasing determinants (A/S, H/W, switching cost, network effect and design) by conducting factor analysis and validity analysis. Then we analyzed how respondents of different age groups and gender perceived different purchasing determinants and analyzed the influence purchasing determinants have on repurchase intention. As for analyzing the difference of purchasing determinants throughout various age groups, the H/W, A/S, network effect showed a notable difference. The older respondents tended to consider H/W, A/S, network effect more importantly than younger respondents. When it came to comparing the results depending on the gender, male respondents tended to consider H/W factor more importantly compared to female respondents and the opposite was true for other factors such as A/S, switching cost, design, and network effect but there weren't any significant differences. Finally, out of various determinant factors, network effect and design turned out to have a considerable influence on repurchase intention. That is why it would be highly appropriate to say that if a company intends to boost repurchase intention, enhancing network effect and developing an effective design would be crucial. This study differs from other existing researches in that we analyzed respondents from different age groups and gender separately. Also unlike other researches we directly analyzed the influence purchasing determinants have on repurchase intention not customer satisfaction. This study is expected to serve as basic information that can be used to establish strategies both in an academic and practical level, allowing companies to boost the repurchase intention of the smartphone market.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

Each municipality is promoting signboard improvement projects, but the effectiveness is not great. The main reason for this is that when the signboard is manufactured the location of the shop is only dependent on the visual aspiration effect and it is not harmonized with the building by applying uniform design. The signboard are installed almost everywhere in the city, such as residential, natural and commercial environments. And the signboard provides various services such as traffic information and life safety to customers. Also, by applying design and functional elements, we can enhance the competitiveness of companies and improve the urban environment by enhancing the mutual connection effect of customers and space. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of design elements and functional elements of the signboard on customer preference. In other words, we conducted surveys and analyzes of 152 specialists and non-experts (customers, self-employed). As a result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. First, the functions and design elements of signboards are important factors that have a positive effect on customer preference. Second, the function of the signboard has a positive(+) influence on the customer preference, and the information providing function and the corporate image side function directly affect the customer preference. Third, color elements have a positive(+) meaningful effect on customer preference. Especially, similar color sign affects customer preference positively. Fourth, the signboard design component has a positive(+) significant effect on customer preference. In particular, typefaces have a positive effect on customer preference.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.87-105
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• 2009

IT산업의 인적자원에 대한 중요성과 관심은 증가하고 있으나 IT인력관리에 대한 체계적인 접근이 부족한 실정이며 국내 IT산업은 전문인력의 부족 및 우수인력들의 잦은 이직현상 등 여러 가지 문제점을 노출하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 IT인력을 대상으로 개인특성과 조직특성이 경력만족, 경력전망 및 경력몰입에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. IT 인력의 경력몰입을 실증적으로 연구하기 위해 국내 IT관련 업체에 종사하고 있는 개발자 및 전산실 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석결과, 개인특성 중 자아존중감이 경력만족에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 조직특성 중에서는 분배공정성 및 성장기회제공 등에 대한 지각 정도가 높을수록 경력전망에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 경력계획과 경력관리는 IT인력의 경력몰입에 미미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 IT인력관리의 시사점을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 향후 국내 IT인적자원의 체계적인 관리에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.