• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.819-826
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• 2015

This study measured temperatures and albedos of urban surfaces for different colors and materials during summer, and calculated the energy budget over different urban surfaces to find out the thermal performance affecting the heat built-up. The study selected six surface colors and 13 materials common in urban landscape. Their surface temperatures (Ts) and albedos were measured at a given time interval in the daytime from June to August. Average Ts over summer season for asphalt-colored brick was $4.0^{\circ}C$ higher than that for light red-colored one and $9.7^{\circ}C$ higher than that for white-colored one. The Ts for artificial surface materials of asphalt paving, brown brick wall, and green concrete wall was $6.0^{\circ}C$ higher than that for natural and semi-natural ones of grass, grassy block, and planted concrete wall. There was the greatest difference of $16.3^{\circ}C$ at midafternoon in the Ts between asphalt paving and planted concrete wall. Average albedo over summer season of surface materials ranged from 0.08 for asphalt paving to 0.67 for white concrete wall. This difference in the albedo was associated with a maximum of $15.7^{\circ}C$ difference at midafternoon in the Ts. Increasing the albedo by 0.1 (from 0.22 to 0.32) reduced the Ts by about $1.3^{\circ}C$. Average storage heat at midday by natural and semi-natural surfaces of grass and grassy block was about 10% lower than that by artificial ones of asphalt, light-red brick, and concrete. Reflected radiation, which ultimately contributes to heating the urban atmosphere, was 3.7 times greater for light-red brick and concrete surfaces than for asphalt surface. Thus, surfaces with in-between tone and color are more effective than dark- or white-colored ones, and natural or semi-natural surfaces are much greater than artificial ones in improving the urban thermal environment. This study provides new information on correlation between Ts and air temperature, relationship between albedo and Ts, and the energy budget.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.355-379
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• 2014

For the transition to the low carbon society, it is inevitable but difficult journey that the new energy technology spread co-exists with formal social system. The objective of offshore wind power plant that has been implemented by the government is to connect large capacity new renewable energy to the central electric power system. Therefore, for the successful introduction of offshore wind power system, the transition of the formal social technology system should be companied. This study analysis the energy system transition about niche strategy adjustment using Multiple Level Perspectives & Strategic Niche Management. It also multi level analyzes and structuralizes the process that new technology, as a research result, evolves through connecting and communicating with formal regime and landscape. Also, adjusting Strategic Niche Management, it diagnoses the obstructive factors in the initial stage of niche experiment and found the major reasons why offshore wind power test plant had been delayed. Through this study, it reaches to the practical implication that offshore niche technology could grow stably in the energy system and various policies.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.79-91
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• 2017

The meteorological data of 1 hour interval are required to write a typical weather data for building energy simulation. However, many meterological data are missing and the interpolation method to recover the missing data is required. Especially, lots of meterological data are replicated by linear interpolation method because the changes are not significant. While, the wind velocity fluctuates with the time or locations, so linear interpolation method is not appropriate in interpolation of the wind velocity data. In this study, three interpolation methods, using surrounding wind velocity data, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Revised Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW-r), were analyzed considering the characteristics of wind velocity. The Revised Inverse Distance Weighting method, proposed in this study, showed the highest reliability in restoration of the wind velocity data among the analyzed methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to quantify human energy budgets for different structures of outdoor spatial surfaces affecting thermal comfort, to analyze the impacts of tree shading on building energy savings, and to suggest desirable strategies of urban greenspace planning concerned. Concrete paving and grass spaces without tree shading and compacted-sand spaces with tree shading were selected to reflect archetypal compositional types for outdoor spatial materials. The study then estimated human energy budgets in static activity for the 3 space types. Major determinants of energy budgets were the presence of shading and also the albedo and temperature of base surfaces. The energy budgets for concrete paving and grass spaces without tree shading were $284\;W/m^2$ and $226\;W/m^2$, respectively, and these space types were considerably poor in thermal comfort. Therefore, it is desirable to construct outdoor resting spaces with evapotranspirational shade trees and natural materials for the base plane. Building energy savings from tree shading for the case of Daegu in the southern region were quantified using computer modeling programs and compared with a previous study for Chuncheon in the middle region. Shade trees planted to the west of a building were most effective for annual savings of heating and cooling energy. Plantings of shade trees in the south should be avoided, because they increased heating energy use with cooling energy savings low in both climate regions. A large shade tree in the west and east saved cooling energy by 1~2% across building types and regions. Based on previous studies and these results, some strategies including indicators for urban greenspace planning were suggested to improve thermal comfort of outdoor spaces and to save energy use in indoor spaces. These included thermal comfort in construction materials for outdoor spaces, building energy savings through shading, evapotranspiration and windspeed mitigation by greenspaces, and greenspace areas and volume for air-temperature reductions. In addition, this study explored the application of the strategies to greenspace-related regulations to ensure their effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.174-189
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• 2012

This study aims to examine the traditional living space to reflect the environment-friendly design methods and principles of reestablishment. To do so, this study carried on a related literature study and field survey. The traditional living space in terms of the environmental friendliness is reflected on site selection and space composition, and utilization of natural energy and natural materials. Focused on the Kwangajeong in Yangdong Village, this study is to identify eco-friendly techniques on the traditional living space. As a result, it shows that Kwangajeong with the side of the southeast in site selection had been considered in aspect of environmental control such as sunshine and solar radiation. Also building construction techniques had been used to minimize the variation of terrain. In aspect of environmental conservation, Kwangajeong had structurally arranged the gate, an inner yard and an inner floor to allow good ventilation. In aspect of space composition, Kwangajeong with the emphasis of scenic view had utilized the methods that attract external landscape through the control of its fences. Environment-friendly techniques and control principles in traditional space had been developed by a long experience through the long periods and the traditional techniques suitable for local climate and local environment have been developed. The technical development of these techniques to resolve the global environmental and energy issues and create a more pleasant living environment of human beings might be critical.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.69-79
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• 2022

This study aims to assess the current understanding of the landscape of wind power facilities as renewable energy sources that supply sightseeing, tourism, and other opportunities. Therefore, social media data related to the landscape of wind power facilities experienced by visitors from different regions was analyzed. The analysis results showed that the common characteristics of the landscape of wind power facilities are based on the scale of wind power facilities, the distance between overlook points of wind power facilities, the visual openness of the wind power facilities from the overlook points, and the terrain where the wind power facilities are located. In addition, the preference for wind power facilities is higher in places where the shape of wind power facilities and the surrounding landscape can be clearly seen- flat ground or the sea are considered better landscapes. Negative keywords about the landscape appear on Gade Mountain in Taibai, Meifeng Mountain in Taibai, Taiqi Mountain, and Gyeongju Wind Power Generation Facilities on Gyeongshang Road in Gangwon. The keyword 'negation' occurs when looking at wind power facilities at close range. Because of the high angle of the view, viewers can feel overwhelmed seeing the size of the facility and the ridge simultaneously, feeling psychological pressure. On the contrary, positive landscape adjectives are obtained from wind power facilities on flat ground or the sea. Visitors think that the visual volume of the landscape is fully ensured on flat ground or the sea, and it is a symbolic element that can represent the site. This study analyzes landscape awareness based on the opinions of visitors who have experienced wind power facilities. However, wind power facilities are built in different areas. Therefore, landscape characteristics are different, and there are many variables, such as viewpoints and observers, so the research results are difficult to popularize and have limitations. In recent years, landscape damage due to the construction of wind power facilities has become a hot issue, and the domestic methods of landscape evaluation of wind power facilities are unsatisfactory. Therefore, when evaluating the landscape of wind power facilities, the scale of wind power facilities, the inherent natural characteristics of the area where wind power facilities are set up, and the distance between wind power facilities and overlook points are important elements to consider. In addition, wind power facilities are set in the natural environment, which needs to be protected. Therefore, from the landscape perspective, it is necessary to study the landscape of wind power facilities and the surrounding environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.98-108
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• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.68-76
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• 2002

This paper discusses thermal and ventilation performance which might be caused by the adoption of one of specific building facade techniques, Double Skin System(DSS). One building with a prototypical DSS was selected and systematically investigated through field monitoring and computer simulation techniques. A network model of ventilation was successfully made using COMIS to evaluate ventilation performance of the system which can hardly be done by field measurements. Various operating conditions of air conditioning on/off and window opening were implemented in this type of building. Through the appropriate operation of the DSS in summer, simulation-based and experimental results implicate that it can lead to cooling energy savings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 1988

^x This study was executed to analyze the vegetational landscape structure of Donggu Royal Tomb forest by four kinds of ordination techniques(polar, principal component analysis, reciprocal averaging, and detrended correspondence analysis) and comparison of the couple photographs between 1920s and 1987. Thirteen sites were sampled with clumped sampling method in June of 1987 and five quadrats were examined in each site. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Environmental impact grade 3,4 and 5 area covered 16.11ha and these area should be restored by the input of human energy because self - refair seemed to be impossible. 2. Pinus densiflora community of actual vegetation covered 8.2%, Alnus japonica community 5.7% and quercus aliena community 15.8% of the surveyed area(73.3ha). And afforested vegetation including Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta and Robinia pseudoacacia covered 27.0%. 3. Donggu Royal Tomb forest was divided by Pinus densiflora, P. densiflora-Quercus aliena, Alnus japonia - Q. aliena and A. japonica community. DCA was the most effective method of this study. 4. DCA ordination were showed that succesional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Prunus sargentii, Quercus serrata, Quercus aliena to Carpinus laxiflora in P. densiflora community and from Alnus japonica through Acer ginnala to Q. aliena in A. japonica community of the upper layer and from Rosa multiflora, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Zanthoxylum schiniflolium through Rhus trichocarpa, Styrax japonica, Rhododendron scilippenbachii to Viburum erosum, Lindera obtusiloba in the middle layer. 5. By the comparsion of the couple photographs beween 1920s and 1987, we can recognize the change of historical landscape composed by P. densiflora and A. japonica community and those community is succeed to Q. aliena.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.164-177
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• 2011

This study aims to examine the traditional living space to reflect the environment-friendly design methods and principles of reestablishment. To do so, this study carried on a related literature study and field survey. The traditional living space in terms of the environmental friendliness is reflected on site selection and space composition, and utilization of natural energy and natural materials. Focused on the Kwangajeong in Yangdong Village, this study is to identify eco-friendly techniques on the traditional living space. As a result, it shows that Kwangajeong with the side of the southeast in site selection had been considered in aspect of environmental control such as sunshine and solar radiation. Also building construction techniques had been used to minimize the variation of terrain. In aspect of environmental conservation, Kwangajeong had structurally arranged the gate, an inner yard and an inner floor to allow good ventilation. In aspect of space composition, Kwangajeong with the emphasis of scenic view had utilized the methods that attract external landscape through the control of its fences. Environment-friendly techniques and control principles in traditional space had been developed by a long experience through the long periods and the traditional techniques suitable for local climate and local environment have been developed. The technical development of these techniques to resolve the global environmental and energy issues and create a more pleasant living environment of human beings might be critical.