• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.723-732
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• 2021

On September 25, 2015, 193 countries of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, signed the 2030 Agenda to work towards attaining 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its associated 169 targets and 232 indicators. With one of the largest renewable energy programs, India is well-poised to be a role model for low-carbon transformation to other Asian countries. However, bridging the financing gap is critical to ensure that the country meets its SDG targets. Though the SDGs identified by the UN are broad-based and interdependent, for ease of analysis we have grouped them into five themes - people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership - based on existing UN models. This paper investigates the financing gap for 'green' projects linked to planet-related SDG targets in India. It builds an argument for utilizing green bonds as an instrument to bridge the gap. After establishing the potential of green bonds in raising the finance to meet India's planet-related SDG targets, we look at the current policy landscape and suggest recommendations for successful execution. The paper concludes that deepening of the corporate fixed income securities market and firming up guidelines in line with India's climate action plans are inevitable before green bonds can be considered a viable financing option.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.34 no.14
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• pp.5621-5634
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• 2021

The life cycle of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) typically follows a seasonal march, with onset in spring, developing during summer, maturing in boreal winter, and decaying over the following spring. This feature is referred to as ENSO phase locking. Recent studies have noted that seasonal modulation of the ENSO growth rate is essential for this process. This study investigates the fundamental effect of a seasonally varying growth rate on ENSO phase locking using a modified seasonally dependent recharge oscillator model. There are two phase locking regimes associated with the strength of the seasonal modulation of growth rate: 1) a weak regime in which only a single peak occurs and 2) a strong regime in which two types of events occur either with a single peak or with a double peak. Notably, there is a seasonal gap in the strong regime, during which the ENSO peak cannot occur because of large-scale ocean-atmosphere coupled processes. We also retrieve a simple analytical solution of the seasonal variance of ENSO, revealing that the variance is governed by the time integral of seasonally varying growth rate. Based on this formulation, we propose a seasonal energy index (SEI) that explains the seasonal gap and provides an intuitive explanation for ENSO phase locking, potentially applicable to global climate model ENSO diagnostics.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.155-164
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• 2009

In this paper, we used computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) software with several models for the simulation of a TL glow curve which was used for analysis. By using the general approximation plus model, parameters values of the glow curve were analyzed and compared with the other models parameters (general approximation, mixed order kinetics, general order kinetics). The LiF:Mg,Cu,Si and the LiF:Mg,Cu,P material were used for the glow curve analysis. And we based on figure of merits (FOM) which was the goodness of the fitting that was monitored through the value between analysis model and TLD materials. The ideal value of FOM is 0 which represents a perfect fit. The main glow peak makes the most effect of radiation dose assessment of TLD materials. The main peak of the LiF:Mg,Cu,Si materials has a intensity rate 80.76% of the whole TL glow intensity, and that of LiF:Mg,Cu,P materials has a intensity rate 68.07% of the whole TL glow intensity. The activation energy of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si was analyzed as 2.39 eV by result of the general approximation plus(GAP) model. In the case of mixed order kinetics (MOK), the activation energy was analyzed as 2.29 eV. The activation energy was analyzed as 2.38 eV by the general order kinetics (GOK) model. In the case of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD, the activation energy was analyzed as 2.39 eV by result of the GAP model. In the case of MOK, the activation energy was analyzed as 2.55 eV. The activation energy was analyzed as 2.51 eV by the GOK model. The R value means different ratio of retrapping-recombination. The R value of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD main peak analyzed as $1.12\times10^{-6}$ and $\alpha$ value analyzed as $1.0\times10^{-3}$. The R of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLD analyzed as $7.91\times10^{-4}$, the $\alpha$ value means different ratio of initial thermally trapped electron density-initial trapped electron density (include thermally disconnected trap electrons density). The $\alpha$ value was analyzed as $9.17\times10^{-1}$ which was the difference from LiF:Mg,Cu,Si TLD. The deep trap electron density of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si was higher than the deep trap electron density of LiF:Mg,Cu,P.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.172-195
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• 2015

Multiple nationwide opinion surveys, carried out by the government (cabinet office), major media (national newspapers and NHK), the National Institute for Environmental Studies, and the Atomic Energy Society of Japan, have revealed that the Fukushima nuclear accident has heightened people's perception of disaster risks, fear of nuclear accidents, and increased recognition of pollution issues, and has changed public opinion on nuclear energy policy. The opinion gap on nuclear energy policy between specialists and lay people has widened since the disaster. The results of the Japanese General Social Survey data show that objections to the promotion of nuclear energy are strong among females, and weaker among young males and the supporters of the LDP. These findings are similar to the data collected after the Chernobyl accident. People who live in a 70km radius of nuclear plants tend to evaluate nuclear disaster risks higher. Distance from nuclear plants and the perception of earthquake risk interactively correlate with opinions on nuclear issues. Among people whose evaluation of earthquake risk is low, those who live nearer to the plants are more likely to object to the abolishment of nuclear plants. It was also found that the nuclear disaster has changed people's behavior; they now try to save electricity. The level of commitment to energy saving is found to relate to opinions on nuclear issues.

• Prospectives of Industrial Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

태양전지는 온실 가스 감축에 효과가 큰 기후 변화 대응 기술이다. 현재 상업화에 성공한 실리콘 태양전지의 뒤를 이어 박막 태양전지, 페로브스카이트 태양전지 등 차세대 태양전지가 가격과 효율 등을 극복하기 위하여 매우 많이 연구되고 있다. CZT(S,Se) 박막 태양전지는 차세대 태양전지의 유력 후보군인 CIGS, CdTe, 페로브스카이트 태양전지 등에 비해 범용 무독성 원소를 광흡수층으로 사용한다는 장점을 가지고 있지만 아직까지는 이들보다 효율이 낮아 상용화하기에는 많은 문제를 가지고 있다. CZT(S,Se) 박막태양전지의 기본적인 물성, 공정 등을 알아보고 고효율을 달성하는 방법에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.532-536
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• 2015

This paper presents an automated computer vision-based system to update BIM data by leveraging multi-modal visual data collected from existing buildings under inspection. Currently, visual inspections are conducted for building envelopes or mechanical systems, and auditors analyze energy-related contextual information to examine if their performance is maintained as expected by the design. By translating 3D surface thermal profiles into energy performance metrics such as actual R-values at point-level and by mapping such properties to the associated BIM elements using XML Document Object Model (DOM), the proposed method shortens the energy performance modeling gap between the architectural information in the as-designed BIM and the as-is building condition, which improve the reliability of building energy analysis. The experimental results on existing buildings show that (1) the point-level thermography-based thermal resistance measurement can be automatically matched with the associated BIM elements; and (2) their corresponding thermal properties are automatically updated in gbXML schema. This paper provides practitioners with insight to uncover the fundamentals of how multi-modal visual data can be used to improve the accuracy of building energy modeling for retrofit analysis. Open research challenges and lessons learned from real-world case studies are discussed in detail.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric effects of couch attenuation and air gaps using 3D phantom for prone breast radiation therapy. Materials and method: A 3D printer(Builder Extreme 1000) and computed tomography (CT) images of a breast cancer patient were used to manufacture the customized breast phantom. Eclipse External Beam Planning 13.6 (Varian Medical Systems Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to create the treatment plan with a dose of 200 cGy per fraction with 6 MV energy. The Optically Stimulated Luminescence Detector(OSLD) was used to measure the skin dose at four points (Med 1, Med 2, Lat 1, Lat 2) on the 3D phantom and ion-chamber (FC65-G) were used to perform the in-vivo dosimetry at the two points (Anterior, Posterior). The Skin dose and in-vivo dosimetry were measured with reference air gap (3 cm) and increased air gaps (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 cm) from reference distance between the couch and 3D phantom. Results: As a result, measurement for the skin dose at lateral point showed a similar value within ${\pm}4%$ compared to the plan. While the air gap increased, skin dose at medial 1 was reduced. And it was also reduced over 7 % when the air gap was more than 3 cm compared to radiation therapy plan. At medial 2 it was reduced over 4 % as well. The changes of dose from variety of the air gap showed similar value within ${\pm}1%$ at posterior. As the air gap was increased, the dose at anterior was also increased and it was increased by 1 % from the air gap distance more than 3 cm. Conclusion: Dosimetrical measurement using 3D phantom is very useful to evaluate the dosimetric effects of couch attenuation and air gaps for prone breast radiation therapy. And it is possible to reduce the skin dose and increase the accuracy of the radiation dose delivery by appling the optimized air gap.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.289-293
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• 2010

Silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) in a superlattice for high efficiency tandem solar cells were fabricated by magnetron rf sputtering and their characteristics were investigated. SiC/$Si_{1-x}C_x$ superlattices were deposited by co-sputtering of Si and C targets and annealed at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. The Si QDs in Si-rich layers were verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction. The size of the QDs was observed to be 3-6 nm through high resolution TEM. Some crystal Si and -SiC peaks were clearly observed in the grazing incident X-ray diffractogram. Raman spectroscopy in the annealed sample showed a sharp peak at $516\;cm^{-1}$ which is an indication of Si QDs. Based on the Raman shift the size of the QD was estimated to be 4-6 nm. The volume fraction of Si crystals was calculated to be about 33%. The change of the FT-IR absorption spectrum from a Gaussian shape to a Lorentzian shape also confirmed the phase transition from an amorphous phase before annealing to a crystalline phase after annealing. The optical absorption coefficient also decreased, but the optical band gap increased from 1.5 eV to 2.1 eV after annealing. Therefore, it is expected that the optical energy gap of the QDs can be controlled with growth and annealing conditions.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.31-42
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of energy use behaviors and energy saving consciousness of multi-family housing residents. The energy referred to in this study includes electric energy, heating energy and water usage. This study was conducted from a survey carried out in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The results of the study are as follows: First, among the survey questions, the only positive energy saving behaviors shown by the occupants was turning off the lights and the television, and in the use of kitchen appliances; it could therefore be concluded that, in general, energy saving attitude and consciousness were not sufficient to reduce energy consumption. Second, the results showed high mean scores for the behaviors which were easy to control, such as turning off lights and televisions, and low mean scores for the behaviors which required extra effort to completely cut off electricity energy such as pulling out the plugs of electronic appliances. Third, it was found that the occupants generally showed the tendency to save heating energy. However, in cases where the occupants were required to continuously and directly experience indoor temperatures, they expressed passive attitudes toward saving energy. Fourth, they showed wasteful attitudes toward water usage by leaving the tap running when taking showers and washing their faces. Fifth, while they showed a strong energy saving consciousness, they also showed a passive attitude about putting this into practice; there was therefore some gap between attitude and behavior. Lastly, among the socio-demographic factors, age and family lifecycle were very important factors affecting energy use and energy saving consciousness.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1178-1180
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• 1995

In this paper, structual, optical and electrical properties of CdTe thin films prepared by electron beam evaporation method were studied. The crystal structure of CdTe films deposited at substrate temperature of $100{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ was zincblend type with preferential orientation of the (111)plane parallel to the substrate. The result of optical absoption and transmittance show that solar radiation with energy larger than band gap is almost completely absorbed within an about $2{\mu}m$ thickness of the evaporated CdTe layer and optical band gap of the CdTe film was larger with increasing substrate temperature. The resistivity of CdTe films deposited on the glass substrate was about $10^5{\sim}10^7{\Omega}cm$.