• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

The prime object of the study is to evaluate how much all the students of the Nursing Schools throughout the nation are in comprehension toward the application of nursing process to clinical experience as means of systematic solution of nursing problems. An effort has been made to find out the actual state whether they are in practice of clinical experience in accordance with application of nursing process, over the period of four weeks managing from December 1st to 28th, 1980 and centering on 36 nursing schools, and meanwhile and evaluation, employing the assessment tool used by Bertuccietal, has been made on the nursing process notes recorded by 200 senions out of 21 nursing schools where application of nursing process to clinical experience being in practice. The assessment tool is composed of 5 different criteria in view of patient nursing and authors made an attempt to find out the result of clinical experience on application students in accordance with 5 different scoring criteria and further evaluating all the findings thereof. The findings were disposed of accordance with practice duration and criteria of the specific sudents subject to this finding as to verify the scoring difference in significance and of which the results are as follows: 1) as of now, in 21 (58.2%) out of 36 nursing Schools nursing process in being appliced in clinical experience. 2) Schools that started the application of nursing process to clinical experience amount to - for more than 4 yrs -6 (28.6％) - for 2 to 3 yrs-11s(52.4％) - for 1 yr -4 (19.0％) 3) As for the response upon application of nursing process. To clinical etperience, the largest voice (61.9%) heard was that it is rather difficult beyond the lecturing thereof, to practically apply it outs patients and the second voice (19.1%) turned out to be that it is hard to put in practice owing to uninformed nurses of the process serving in the clinical field. 4) The response. Of the processors assigned to instruction as to the most difficult problem in criteria of nursing process, the largest voice (38.2%) centered on the problem assessment while the second voice (17.7%) on the indirect nursing activity and the objective data respectively and considered to be the easiest was the indirect nursing activity (11.7%). 5) In order for a satisfactory. application of nursing process to clinical experience hence-forth, it has been pointed out that sufficient number of nurses should be supplemented in clinical field (44.1%) and at the same time supplementory education (35.3%) centered around professors be necessary. 6) Of the criteria that record result of nursing process, a significant difference in comprehension of subjective and objective data has been revealed according to the degree of the practice duration of application to clinical experience. For instance, while although poor it may seen, only 74.9% in subjective data and 71.1% in objective data represent the student group in practice for more than 4 years and only 56.3% in subjective data and 66.8% in objective data represent the student group in practice for 2 to 3 years but they still surpass in comprehension over the student group in practice for 1 year attaning only 19.6% in subjective data and 16.8% in objective data (P < 0.005). 7) As for problem assessment, the student group who started application of nursing process for 4 years stand for 37,7% the group for 2 to 3 years started for 25.3% and the group for 1 year started for 5.4%, revealing no significant difference according to duration (P < 0.5) and as poor as to indicate only 22.8% on an overage is in comprehension. 8) On direct and indirect nursing activity, the student group of for more than 4 years in appling nursing process (representing 49.5% in direct nursing activity, 21.4% in indirect nursing activity). Know more about it than the student group of for 2 to 3 years (representing 36.3% in direct nursing activity, 20.8% in indirect nursing activity) but revealed no significant difference. (P ＜ 0.5) 9) The student group applying nursing process for more than 4 years subjective data (74.9%) comprehend were more than objective data (71.1%) but shown no significant difference (P < 0.5). 10) However, the student group applying nursing process for 2 to 3 years comprehend objective data (66.8%) well ever subjective data (55.5%) indicating that 40.9% in average is in comprehension, thereby revealing a significant difference (P < 0.005). 11) On the other hand, the student group applying nursing process to clinical experience for 1 year had revealed themselves as poorly as to comprehend only 11.7% are an average of it, revealing no significant difference (P < 0.5). In consequence of the fore going, I the conductor of the present study, hereby suggest the following points: 1) Application of nursing process to clinical experience be practiced in all the Nursing Schools all over the nation at the earliest possible date in order that scientific nursing be prevailed (as of now only 58.0%), 2) In teaching nursing process, it is desirable to teach specific method of applying to practical clinical situations. 3) In order to meet the end of satisfactory application of nursing process to clinical experience, sufgecient nursing man power be sysplemented in clinical field and at the save time supplementary education by professors is necessary. 4) Sinces the students whose application duration of nursing process to clinical experience is longer comprehend more about it, it is reguired that the schools not yet in practice of the application be promptlyurged to follow. 5) Of the criteria recording nursing process, since it is comparatively hard to comprehend“assessment”and“Direct and indirect nursing activity”, a concentrated instruction is desirable. 6) The students whose duration of application of nursing process to clinical experience falls short of 1 years be put in a concentrated guidance program on individual criterion.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.11
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• pp.31-44
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• 1970

This experiment is conducted fer method cf bring to perfectly from defective cutting sapling 25 a production method of sapling which is to substitute for conventional graf ting. 1. In green wood cutting root comes out after 15 days of cutting with nearly straight development of root system; after 40 days of cutting, roots with total length of 1119 mms 43 roots, and 5.4 grs a root in total weight obtained. 2. Survival percentage of green wood cutting ranges between 56％ and 90％, average 73％ of that and it varies with natural characteristics of varietes. The results show variety of Gaeryang-Suban and Iljiroe with 80％ as a best ones in contrast with the variety of Shipyung. 3. The varietics or Gaeryang-Suban. Iljiroe, Suwon-Sang No.4, Rosang makes of much more roots than Yongchonchuwoo and Shipyung do. 4. Root ability made good number of roots commercially, when cutting is conducted soaking in 0.01 ％ NAA solution or 0.02％ NAA solution for 2 or 3 seconds as a chemical promoter. 5. Economical measures for increase of scion adapted 1) 2 scions from a green wood 50 cm long should be taken and basal pan of scion at its middle portion should be cut right under the node. 2) Scions below 50cm long may be used. Small scions or growthceased shoots h3ve also considerable root ability enough to be used. 3) Thus far, up 100,000 scions might be produced in 10 a. 6. We can find number of root increased, when cutting the opposite side in obliquity manner at 450. 7. When 110,000 saplings in 10 a. for the production of bring to perfectly from defective cutting sapling planted, quality of stocks does not go to bad condition without any obstacles in practical use. 8. Although the times or grafting delayed until middle of July, quality of sapling goes just a little down. Grafting may be conducted from early June to middle of July separately in several times, and the green wood of prunned mulberry in spring is available for a scion after end of June. 9. 10 grs weight of defective cutting sapling makes 95％ of complete sapling, otherwise 5 or 10 grs in weight of one becomes 80％ of complete sapling with its quality as similar as grafted one. 10. When the sapling planted, its branches should be cut, leaving 3 or 4 buds at the bottom of new branches. 11. In view of economical stand point, production cost of bring to perfectly from defective cutting sapling obtains 52％ of grafting cost.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2005

IAEA's guidance levels have been provided for western people to the end. Guidance levels lower than the IAEA'S will be necessary in view of Korean people's proportions. Therefore, we need to develope the standard doses for Korean people. And we conducted a nationwide survey of patient dose from x-ray examinations in Korea. In this study, the 278 institutions were selected from Members Book of Korean Hospital Association. The valid response rate was approximately 57.9%. Doses were calculated from the questionnaires by NDD method. We obtained the results were as follows; 1) General radiographic equipments were distributed for 42.0%, fluoroscopic equipments 29.4%, dental equipments 13.2%, CT units 8.1 % and mamographic units 7.2%. 2) According to classification by rectification, three-phase equipments were 29.9%, inverter-type generators 29.5%, single-phase equipments 25.5%, constant voltage units 9.0% and unknown units 6.0%. 3) According to classification by receptor system, film-screen types were 46.8%, CR types 26.8%, DR types 17.7% and unknown types 8.9%. 4) The number of examinations were chest 49.2%, spine 16.8% and abdomen 12.7%. 5) Patient doses were head AP 3.44 mGy, abdomen AP 4.25 mGy and chest PA 0.39 mGy.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1970

The process of the forced aging of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied extensively from various scientific points of view. The Flue-cured tobacco leaves were inoculated and fermented with nicotine resistant Hansenula yeast, or the leaves were subjected under simple forced aging. The above two processes of forced aging were studied from the summarized points of microbiology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, and the resulted products ware compared in their physical, chemical and biochemical quality determining factors with that of raw material tobacco leaves (dried-tobacco leaves) and 2 years aged high quality tobacco leaves. The summary results were as follows. 1) The Korean flue-cured tobacco leaves, were forcedly aged under the basic optimum aging condition, temperature $40^{\circ}C$, moisture contents 18%, relative humidity 74%. It was found that this aging condition was the best in bringing the quality of forcedly aged tobacco leaves to the utmost state. 2) Under this optimum temperature and moisture condition of forced aging in about 20 days the forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with yeast inoculation and without yeast inoculation showed the equivalent tobacco qualities comparable with that of more than 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 3) The forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with and without yeast inoculation under $40^{\circ}C$ temperature and $74^{\circ}C$ relative humidity achieved the necessary quality determining physical and chemical changes in about 20 days. 4) The microbial changes during the forced aging were as follows. The population of yeasts and bacteria increased until to 15 days of aging, then decreased thereafter. Whereas the molds grew continously until the end of fermentation. 5) The tobacco quality determing physico-chemico-properties of yeast inoculated aged and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves, progressed as the follows in time. As the forced aging progresses, swelling and combustibility properties were improved. The pH, total reducing materials, total sugars, alkaloids contents decreased. The contents of organic and ether extractable materials increased. The total nitrogen, protein, crude fiber, ash contents showed no changes. The color properties, excitation purity, luminance, main wave length, showed equivalent changes comparable with that of 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 6) The changes in chemical components in yeast treated and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves during $15{\sim}20{\;}days$ of forced aging were as follows. The following chemical components decreased as the aging. Sugars-sucrose. rhamnose, glucose. Pigments-chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyll and violax anthine. Polyphenols-rutin, chlorogenic and, coffeic acid. Organic acids-iso-butylic, crotonic, caprylic, galacturonic, tartaric, succinic, citric acid. Alkaloids-nicotine, nornicotine. The following components increased as the forced aging progressed. Sugars-frutose, maltose, raffinose. Amino acids-proline, cystine. Organic acids-formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, malic, oxalic, malonic, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$, fumaric, glutaric acid. 7) During the forced aging of tobacco Leaves the oxygen-uptake decreased gradually. The enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase, ${\beta}-amylase$ ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased gradually. The activities of the enzymes, catalase, and invertase increased once then decreased at the later stage.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Compton cameras overcome several limitations of conventional mechanical collimation based gamma imaging devices, such as pin-hole imaging devices, due to its electronic collimation based on coincidence logic. Especially large-scale Compton camera has wide field of view and high imaging sensitivity. Those merits suggest that a large-scale Compton camera might be applicable to monitoring nuclear materials in large facilities without necessity of portability. To that end, our research group have made an effort to design a large-scale Compton camera for safeguard application. Energy resolution or position resolution of large-area detectors vary with configuration style of the detectors. Those performances directly affect the image quality of the large-scale Compton camera. In the present study, a series of Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations were performed in order to examine the effect of those detector parameters. Performance of the designed large-scale Compton camera was also estimated for various monitoring condition with realistic modeling. The conclusion of the present study indicates that the energy resolution of the component detector is the limiting factor of imaging resolution rather than the position resolution. Also, the designed large-scale Compton camera provides the 16.3 cm image resolution in full width at half maximum (angular resolution: $9.26^{\circ}$) for the depleted uranium source considered in this study located at the 1 m from the system when the component detectors have 10% energy resolution and 7 mm position resolution.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.107-123
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• 2020

With stabilization of the recent multi-GNSS infrastructure, and as multi-GNSS has been proven to be effective in improving the accuracy of the positioning performance in various industrial sectors. In this study, in view that SF(Single frequency) GNSS receivers are widely used due to the low costs, evaluate effectiveness of SF Real Time Point Positioning(SF-RT-PP) based on four multi-GNSS surveying methods with RTCM-SSR correction streams in static and kinematic modes, and also derive response challenges. Results of applying SSR correction streams, CNES presented good results compared to other SSR streams in 2D coordinate. Looking at the results of the SF-RT-PP surveying using SF signals from multi-GNSS, were able to identify the common cause of large deviations in the altitude components, as well as confirm the importance of signal bias correction according to combinations of different types of satellite signals and ionospheric delay compensation algorithm using undifferenced and uncombined observations. In addition, confirmed that the improvement of the infrastructure of Multi-GNSS allows SF-RT-SPP surveying with only one of the four GNSS satellites. In particular, in the case of code-based SF-RT-SPP measurements using SF signals from GPS satellites only, the difference in the application effect between broadcast ephemeris and SSR correction for satellite orbits/clocks was small, but in the case of ionospheric delay compensation, the use of SBAS correction information provided more than twice the accuracy compared to result of the Klobuchar model. With GPS and GLONASS, both the BDS and GALILEO constellations will be fully deployed in the end of 2020, and the greater benefits from the multi-GNSS integration can be expected. Specially, If RT-ionospheric correction services reflecting regional characteristics and SSR correction information reflecting atmospheric characteristics are carried out in real-time, expected that the utilization of SF-RT-PPP survey technology by multi-GNSS and various demands will be created in various industrial sectors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.24-41
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the complex planning processes and design ideas of the Gwanghwamun Plaza which was opened in 2009. The opening of the plaza was significant as it was built in order to restore the symbolic meaning of axis in the historical Joseon Dynasty that was distorted during the Japanese Imperialism. The plaza itself attracts many citizens and tourists by providing the empty ground carrying historical ambiences around. In this paper, the story of the Gwanghwamun plaza will be summarized. Particularly, the background of promoting the project will be discussed and the whole planning process will be dealt with. The plaza was realized through several stages. First, the planning stage will be reviewed. The planning stage had been a quite long process since the initial idea was discussed. Since the early 90s, the political decision of making the plaza was made through the change of people's understanding toward public space. At this stage, the city government worked together with diverse citizens and professionals to share the vision and to realize the right decision in making the plaza. Second, the design stage will be elaborated in detail. This is the second design stage. The former was the idea competition and the latter was the turn-key base. The final design scheme emphasized the restoration of symbolic axis and the forgotten Yukjo Street. The scheme consists of four zones such as history restoration zone, prospect and history representation zone, culture zone, and the urban zone. Through the whole design process, the original idea remained as it was. The design concept was "a place of memory and prospect." It emphasizes the history representation, view corridor, cultural activities platform as well as the emptiness and flexibility of the basic premise of the plaza. Finally, the construction stage will be discussed. There were some additions and omissions in the construction process. The design chances in the construction stage will be reviewed in detail. After the opening of the plaza, there were some changes in the detail design. We will discuss how and why these modifications were made. In the end, the social and cultural implication of the plaza will be discussed. The storytelling of the Gwanghwamun Plaza will contribute to the clear understanding of planning and design process of pubic places. Based on this reflection, we are able to think about some suggestions of public projects for the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1 s.129
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• pp.87-96
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the shear bond strength and adhesive bond durability of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) manufactured with mixed species lumber of Korean red pine, Korean pine and Japanese larch, using resorcinol adhesive and water-based polymeric-isocyanate adhesive (WPI). Each board used as a glulam lamina was graded by visual inspection. The visual lumber grade of the all species was very low due to the large size and number of knots and the steep slope of grain. In view of the results, appropriate pruning, sawing and drying processes might be needed to produce high grade lamina lumber with small knot size and drying defect free. Shear bond strength of every tested glulam specimen ranged between 7.9 and $9.9N/mm^2$, and much higher than the Korean Standard (KS) for glulam shear bond strength, $7.1N/mm^2$. There was not much shear bond strength difference between wood/resorcinol and wood/WPI. The resorcinol adhesive bond durability exceeded KS requirements. However, delamination on the end-grain surfaces of WPI glulam submerged in both room temperature and boiling water severely occurred, and its durability did not meet KS requirements. Further investigations may be required, and special care should be taken, to ensure long service life of WPI glulam used for exterior application. Results of this study are expected to be useful for improvement of mechanical properties and structural performance of mixed species glulam.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 1998

Electro-Optical Camera(EOC) is the main payload of the KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite(KOMPSAT) with the mission of cartography to build up a digital map of Korean territory including a Digital Terrain Elevation Map(DTEM). This instalment which comprises EOC Sensor Assembly and EOC Electronics Assembly produces the panchromatic images of 6.6 m GSD with a swath wider than 17 km by push-broom scanning and spacecraft body pointing in a visible range of wavelength, 510~730 nm. The high resolution panchromatic image is to be collected for 2 minutes during 98 minutes of orbit cycle covering about 800 km along ground track, over the mission lifetime of 3 years with the functions of programmable gain/offset and on-board image data storage. The image of 8 bit digitization, which is collected by a full reflective type F8.3 triplet without obscuration, is to be transmitted to Ground Station at a rate less than 25 Mbps. EOC was elaborated to have the performance which meets or surpasses its requirements of design phase. The spectral response, the modulation transfer function, and the uniformity of all the 2592 pixel of CCD of EOC are illustrated as they were measured for the convenience of end-user. The spectral response was measured with respect to each gain setup of EOC and this is expected to give the capability of generating more accurate panchromatic image to the users of EOC data. The modulation transfer function of EOC was measured as greater than 16 % at Nyquist frequency over the entire field of view, which exceeds its requirement of larger than 10 %. The uniformity that shows the relative response of each pixel of CCD was measured at every pixel of the Focal Plane Array of EOC and is illustrated for the data processing.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.4
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• pp.13-37
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• 2022

Even before recorded history, the Korean people took ginseng. Later, poetry passed down from China developed into a literary style in which intellectuals from the Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon Dynasties expressed their thoughts concisely. The aim of this paper is to find Korean poems related to ginseng and to look for their semantic network. To this end, "Korea Classical DB ", produced by the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics, was searched to find ginseng poems. As the result of a search in November 2021, two poems from the Three Kingdoms Period, two poems from the Goryeo Dynasty, and 23 poems from the Joseon Dynasty were searched. An examination of these poems found that the first ginseng poem was "Goryeoinsamchan," which was sung by people in Goguryeo around the 6th century. Ginseng poetry during the Goryeo Dynasty is represented by Anchuk's poem. Anchuk sang about the harmful effects of ginseng tributes from a realistic point of view. Ginseng poetry in the Joseon Dynasty is represented by Seo Geo-jeong in the early period and Jeong Yakyong in the late period. Seo Geo-jeong's ginseng poem is a romantic poem that praises the mysterious pharmacological effects of ginseng. A poem called "Ginseng" by Yongjae Seonghyeon is also a romantic poem that praises the mysterious medicinal benefits of ginseng. As a scholar of Realist Confucianism, Dasan Jeong Yak-yong wrote very practical ginseng poems. Dasan left five ginseng poems, the largest number written by one poet. Dasan tried ginseng farming himself and emerged from the experience as a poet. The story of the failure and success of his ginseng farming was described in his poems. At that time, ginseng farming was widespread throughout the country due to the depletion of natural ginseng and the development of ginseng farming techniques after the reign of King Jeongjo. Since the early 19th century, ginseng farming had been prevalent on a large scale in the Gaeseong region, and small-scale farming had also been carried out in other regions. What is unusual is Kim Jin-soo's poem. At that time, in Tong Ren Tang, Beijing (the capital of the Qing Dynasty), ginseng from Joseon sold well under the "Songak Sansam" brand. Kim Jin-Soo wrote about this brand of ginseng in his poem. In 1900, Maecheon Hwanghyeon also created a ginseng poem, written in Chinese characters. Thus, the semantic network of Korean ginseng poems is identified as follows: 1) Ginseng poetry in the spirit of the people - Emerging gentry in the Goryeo Dynasty (Anchuk). 2) Romantic ginseng poetry - Government School in the early Joseon Dynasty (Seo Geo-jeong, Seonghyeon, etc.). 3) Practical ginseng poetry - Realist School in the late Joseon Dynasty (Jeong Yak-yong, Kim Jin-soo, Hwang Hyun, etc.). This semantic network was extracted while examining the development of Korean ginseng poems.