• ETRI Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

We propose a novel very short (< $300{\mu}m$) vertical directional coupler switch with high extinction ratios larger than 30 dB. The device consists of a switching operation induced section (SOIS), an extinction ratio adjusted section (ERAS), and an extinction ratio enhanced section (ERES). These are achieved by changing the refractive index of one core. The switching operation is induced by changing the refractive index of one core in the SOIS. The improvement of extinction ratios larger than 30 dB for both the cross and bar states is made by controlling the asymmetry of the refractive indices of both cores in the ERES. Through the ERAS, different extinction ratios between the cross and bar states at the end of the SOIS are changed to the same value. For this reason, the optimum asymmetry of the refractive indices of the cores for the maximum extinction ratios and the lengths of ERES are the same for cross and bar states. Design guidelines for high extinction ratios with large tolerances are presented.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.371-372
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• 2017

The United States has built a missile defense system from the Cold War era, but since the end of the Cold War era, there have been many changes in international situation and threats. The forces of power divided between the United States and the Soviet Union have become increasingly threatened by China's willingness to expand its external influence, declaration of strong Russia and North Korea and Iran's nuclear armament and advanced ballistic missile technology. In response to this threat change, the Missile Defense Agency(MDA) has established strategies and policies, but its parent law has not been revised. United States changed to the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (FY2017 NDAA) including changed missile defense strategy. In this paper, I check US ballistic missile defense strategies included in the FY2017 NDAA and compare what changes have been made in existing strategies.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2011

The object of this study is to show some features of English, focused on such mechanics as punctuation and transition, in Korean presidential addresses transcribed in English which are different from those of the United States. Towards that end, the presidential addresses of the United States and Korea from January, 2010 to June, 2010 are collected, made into corpora, and analyzed. Through analyzing the corpora, this paper is to address the following research questions: (1) What features can be regarded as different in terms of punctuation and transition? (2) If there are any differences between the corpora, are they significant enough to pose any problems for Korean and American English users to communicate with each other? (3) If so, what can be done to solve the problems in regard to pedagogical implications? Overall, as for punctuation, both Presidents' addresses share a lot in common, even with some idiosyncratic variations though. However, there are some noticeable differences in transitional devices. It is not clear whether those should be taken as a sign of personal preference, though. Transitional markers are meant to be part of wording in writing. (196 words).

• Clean Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

The paper reviews the movement in the United States to supplement environmental regulations with volunteer programs that encourage institutions and industry to go beyond compliance to achieve greater reductions in their waste and emissions than might otherwise be accomplished through the exclusive reliance on increasingly rigorous "end of the pipe" regulations. These volunteer programs have as a common element the encouragement of "pollution prevention" as a preferable strategy. Pollution prevention is a term used in the US to describe strategies, technologies, policies, etc. that focus on eliminating waste and emissions at the source rather than just treating and controlling them. In some countries the term "Clean Technologies" is used rather than pollution prevention. In the paper the author reviews selected voluntary programs and reports on accomplishments to date for those programs.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2005

The United States automotive recycling infrastructure has successfully reduced the amount of automotive waste sent to landfills, especially since the introduction of shredders in the late 1950s. Shredders are necessary to process and recycle automotive hulks and other durable goods. However, this industry faces significant challenges as the automotive manufacturers are increasing the use of nonmetallic components which are difficult to recycle. Additionally, it is becoming obvious that automobiles contain hazardous materials which place heavy burdens on the environment. To address this growing concern, we propose a process planning model for automotive shredders to make tactical decisions regarding at what level to process and at what level to reprocess feed stock materials. The purpose of this paper is to test analytical models to help shredders improve the profitability and efficiency of the bulk recycling processes for end of life automobile returns. The work is motivated by an actual recycling problem that was observed at Capitol City Metals shredding facility in Indianapolis, Indiana.

• IE interfaces
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2011

We develop a stochastic model to predict the score of a soccer match. We describe the scoring process of the soccer match as a markovian arrival process (MAP). To do this, we define a two-state underlying Markov chain, in which the two states represent the offense and defense states of the two teams to play. Then, we derive the probability vector generating function of the final scores. Numerically inverting this generating function, we obtain the desired probability distribution of the scores. Sample numerical examples are given at the end to demonstrate how to utilize this result to predict the final score of the match.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2007

To study the relationship between elementary biochemical states and structural states of the actomyosin crossbridges in muscle, the effects of binding of MgADP to myosin heads in the rigor muscle were examined by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. X-ray diffraction studies have been made to investigate the effects of binding of ADP on the structure of glycerinated rabbit skeletal muscle in the rigor state. The intensity increase was accompanied by a slight but distinct decrease in the 5.9 am layer-line intensity close to the meridian. These results strongly suggest that myosin heads altered their attached conformation in the proximal end toward the plane perpendicular to the fiber axis when MgADP was bound to them. We found that the intensity of the 14.5 nm-based meridional reflections increase by 20-50% when MgADP was added to the rigor muscle in the presence of hexokinase and myokinase inhibitor.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.201-216
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• 2018

After the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty, the European Union's Common Commercial Policy now belongs to the exclusive competence area of the EU, including the foreign direct investment (FDI) policy. Regarding the bilateral investment protection treaties (BITs) between the EU Member States, the European Commission is of the view that such BITs should be discarded. On March 6, 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) held in the Achmea BV v. Slovakia case that a BIT between the EU Member States, as well as arbitral awards based on that BIT, is not subject to request for preliminary rulings under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and thus they are not compatible with the EU law. However, the judgment did not silence the controversy. Instead, many people questioned the legal reasoning and the legitimacy of judgment, and therefore the problem is still ongoing.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.1885-1891
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• 2007

This paper presents a distance relaying algorithm for phase-to-ground faults in transmission lines under Multi-Agent protection environment. In normal condition, a distance relay agent stores the latest states, e.g., voltage of source side, voltage of the opposite side and the loading conditions, etc., through communication between the agents. Once a fault occurs, the relay calculates the fault location using the knowledge about the states just before the fault happens. This stand-alone operation is to improve reliability under the fault condition at which the accuracy or time required for communication may not be guaranteed. The mathematical expression of fault location is derived through loop analysis, before hand, in the manner that both fault current from the opposite end and fault resistance are included implicitly so that their effects are minimized. The suggested algorithm is applied to a typical transmission system with two power sources on both ends to show its effectiveness.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.554-560
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose the topological map building method about unknown environment using the ultrasonic sensors. An ultrasonic sensor inherently has the range error due to the specular reflection. To decrease this error, we estimate the obstacle states(position and velocity) using the local minimum sensor values and Jacobian. Estimated states are used to avoid the obstacles and build the topological map similar to the type that human being memorizes an environment. When a mobile robot is faced with three problems(comer way, cross way and dead end), it senses the movable directions using FIS(Fuzzy Inference System). Among these directions, it can select the target direction using binary decision tree(Turn Side Selector). Proposed algorithm has been verified with three simulations and three implementations.