• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2007

It disposes positively in the air pollution damage which is serious, in order help period the place where it improves the quality of existence and life of the local residents. It removed the offensive odor regulation material and the technique it will be able to prevent to sleep it researched it did. After scattering the GNC solution which develops the offensive odor regulation material which occurs from the food and trash treatment plant which is located to the S from the H, company after scattering the GNC solution which it develops collection it did a control criminal record control kind air and it analyzed. In this study, we investigated the emission concentrations of offensive odorous compounds of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, buthylaldehyde, iso-valeric aldehyde, n-valeric aldehyde, ammonia. The concentrations of odorous compounds are determined by gas chromatography, HPLC and uv-vis spectroscopy. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide were not detected at any point examined.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2000년도 제18회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.210-210
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• 2000

Vertically well aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) were grown on nickel coated glass substrates by plasma enhanced hot filament chemical vapor deposition at low temperatures below 600$^{\circ}C$. Acetylene and ammonia gas were used as the carbon source and a catalyst. Effects of growth parameters such as pre-treatment of substrate, plasma intensity, filament current, imput gas flow rate, gas composition, substrate temperature and different substrates on the growth characteristics of CNT were systematically investigated. Figure 1 shows SEM image of CNT grown on Ni coated glass substrate. Diameter of nanotube was 30 to 100nm depending on the growth condition. The diameter of CNT decreased and density of CNT increased as NH3 etching time etching time increased. Plasma intensity was found to be the most critical parameter to determine the growth of CNT. CNT was not grown at the plasma intensity lower than 500V. Growth of CNT without filament current was observed. Raman spectroscopy showed the C-C tangential stretching mode at 1592 cm1 as well as D line at 1366 cm-1. From the microanalysis using HRTEM, nickel cap was observed on the top of the grown CNT and very thin carbon amorphous layer of 5nm was found on the nickel cap. Current-voltage characteristics using STM showed about 34nA of current at the applied voltage of 1 volt. Electron emission from the vertically well aligned CNT was obtained using phosphor anode with onset electric field of 1.5C/um.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2013

This survey was conducted to investigate the current state of odor emission and control from 48 site of Hanwoo, dairy, swine and poultry farms in Korea. On-site complex odors assessment by the method of 6 step direct sensory evaluation and ammonia concentrations by portable gas detector on the boundary line of farms were evaluated and detected as 1.11 & 2.78 ppm, 1.67 & 2.56 ppm, 1.91 & 2.89 ppm, 1.8 & 2.4 ppm and 1.33 & 2.33 ppm, respectively. Almost of Hanwoo, dairy and poultry farms were nothing the complaints occurred for the last 2 years, however as 60% of swine farms were suffered odor complain. All of livestock operations were used the additives for improving the farm environment and spent the considerable costs for odor reduction. There were several plans almost farms, as a fortify maintenance, keep clean, tree planting, expansion facilities for manure treatment or odor reduction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1600-1607
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• 2014

A total of 120 finishing pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $49.72{\pm}1.72kg$ were used in 12-wk trial to evaluate the effects of protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal micro flora, meat quality and fecal gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (10 replication pens with 4 pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of: Control (CON/basal diet), OA1 (basal diet+0.1% organic acids) and OA2 (basal diet+0.2% organic acids). Dietary treatment with protected organic acid blends linearly improved (p<0.001) average daily gain during 0 to 6 week, 6 to 12 week as well as overall with the increase in their inclusion level in the diet. The dry matter, N, and energy digestibility was higher (linear effect, p<0.001) with the increase in the dose of protected organic acid blends during 12 week. During week 6, a decrease (linear effect, p = 0.01) in fecal ammonia contents was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends on d 3 and d 5 of fermentation. Moreover, acetic acid emission decreased linearly (p = 0.02) on d7 of fermentation with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. During 12 weeks, linear decrease (p<0.001) in fecal ammonia on d 3 and d 5 and acetic acid content on d 5 of fermentation was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. Supplementation of protected organic acid blends linearly increased the longissimus muscle area with the increasing concentration of organic acids. Moreover, color of meat increased (linear effect, quadratic effect, p<0.001, p<0.002 respectively) and firmness of meat showed quadratic effect (p = 0.003) with the inclusion of increasing level of protected organic acid in the diet. During the 6 week, increment in the level of protected organic acid blends decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts and increased (linear effect, p = 0.004) Lactobacillus counts. During 12-wk of experimental trial, feces from pigs fed diet supplemented with organic acid blends showed linear reduction (p<0.001) of E. coli counts and the tendency of linear increase (p = 0.06) in Lactobacillus count with the increase in the level of organic acid blends. In conclusion, 0.2% protected organic acids blends positively affected growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission and meat quality in finishing pigs without any adverse effects on blood parameters.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2021

The movement of animals is one of the primary factors that influence the variation of livestock emissions. This study evaluated the relationship between animal activity and three major emissions, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and ammonia gas, in weaning, growing, and fattening pig houses through continuous monitoring of the animal activity. The movement score of animals was quantified by the developed image analysis algorithm using 10-second video clips taken in the pig houses. The calculated movement scores were validated by comparison with six activity levels graded by an expert group. A comparison between PMs measurement and the movement scores demonstrated that an increase of the PMs concentrations was obviously followed by increased movement scores, for example, when feeding started. The PM₁₀ concentrations were more affected by the animal activity compared to the PM_2.5 concentrations, which were related to the inflow of external PM_2.5 due to ventilation. The PM₁₀ concentrations in the fattening house were 1.3 times higher than those in the weaning house because of the size of pigs while weaning pigs were more active and moved frequently compared to fattening pigs showing 2.45 times higher movement scores. The results also indicated that indoor ammonia concentration was not significantly influenced by animal activity. This study is significant in the sense that it could provide realistic emission factors of pig farms considering animal's daily activity levels if further monitoring is carried out continuously.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2000

가축분 퇴비제조시 악취발생을 저감하고 부숙을 촉진시킬수 있는 인공제올라이트의 적정 첨가량을 구명하고자 폭 6m, 길이 70m, 높이 1.5m인 퇴비제조장에서 에스컬레이터식 교반기로 원료 대비 인공제올라이트를 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5% (V/V)첨가 후 1일 1.2m씩 전진하면서 1차발효 과정중 온도, 수분함량, 단위 시간당 가스발생 농도, 그리고 비료성분함량의 변화를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가축분 퇴비원료에 인공제올라이트를 첨가하면 무처리 대비 최고온도가 $2{\sim}11^{\circ}C$높았고 후기에도 온도상승효과가 있었으며, 퇴비더미중 함수율도 낮아졌다. 퇴비더미에서 발생되는 암모니아 가스 농도는 퇴비화 개시6일째 최고치를 나타내고 이후 점차 낮아졌으며, 메탄가스는 퇴적 초기에 발생이 많다가 이후 점차 낮아졌다. 인공제올라이트 첨가량이 많을수록 퇴비더미에서 발생되는 암모니아와 메탄가스 발생량이 적었다. 인공제올라이트 처리로 퇴비중 질소함량은 증가되고 유기물 함량은 낮아져 유기물 대비 질소함량비가 30이하로 낮아지는 소요일수가 무처리 대비 7일 이상 단축되었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

As the environmental regulation of vehicle emission is strengthened, investigations for $NO_x$ and PM reduction strategies are popularly conducted. Two current available technologies for continuous $NO_x$ reduction onboard diesel vehicles are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using aqueous urea and lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) catalysts. The experiments were conducted to investigate the $NO_x$ reduction performance of SCR system which can control the ratio of $NO/NO_2$, temperature and SV(space velocity), and the model gas was used which is similar to a diesel exhaust gas. The maximum reduction efficiency is indicated when the $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1 and the SV is 30,000 $h^{-1}$ in $300^{\circ}C$. Generally, ammonia slip from SCR reactors are rooted to incomplete conversion of $NH_3$ over the SCR. In this research, slip was occurred in 6cases (except low SV and $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1) after SCR. Among 6 case of slip occurrence, the maximum conversion efficiency is observed when SV is 60,000 $h^{-1}$ in $400^{\circ}C$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

In this study, the concentrations of offensive odorous compounds seasonally emitted from the chemical plant at Chongju industrial complex in Korea were determined by the analytical methods of gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and uv/vis spectroscopy. The kinds of offensive odorous compounds examined are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyl aldehyde, propion aldehyde, n-valeric aldehyde, iso-valeric aldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethyl amine and ammonia. The seasonally emission levels of all odorous compounds except dimethyl sulfide at 13 sampling points of plant were lower than those of the regulation standard levels of the industrial complex in Korea. The levels were the highest in June, and lowest in December. The propion aldehyde and iso-valeric aldehyde in June and December, butyl aldehyde in December, and n-valeric aldehyde were not detected in all the three seasons at any sampling points of the plant examined. But in June, dimethyl sulfide was emitted up to 16 times than that of the regulation level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권E호
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• pp.303-310
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• 1994

The effects of NOx reduction by new staged fuelling system in a small scale combustor (6.6 ㎾$_{T}$) have been investigated using propane gas flames laden with ammonia as fuel-nitrogen. The variables which had the greatest influence on NOx reduction were temperature, reducing stoichiometry( related to main combustion zone stoichiometry, air fraction and returning fuel fraction ) and residence time. The best NOx reduction was observed at the reburning zone stoichiometry of 0.85. In terms of residence time of the reburning zone, NOx reduction was effective when burnout air was injected at the Point where the reburning zone has been already established.d.