• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1020-1041
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• 2024

With the development of covert communication technologies, the number of covert communication technologies using blockchain as a carrier is increasing. However, using the transaction amount of digital currency as a carrier for covert communication has problems such as low embedding rate, large consumption of transaction amount, and easy detection. In this paper, firstly, by experimentally analyzing the distribution of bitcoin transaction amounts, we determine the most suitable range of amounts for matrix decomposition. Secondly, we design a novel matrix decomposition method that can successfully decompose a large amount matrix into two small amount matrices and utilize the elements in the small amount matrices for covert communication. Finally, we analyze the feasibility of the novel matrix decomposition method in this scheme in detail from four aspects, and verify it by experimental comparison, which proves that our scheme not only improves the embedding rate and reduces the consumption of transaction amount, but also has a certain degree of resistance to detection.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.974-986
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• 2016

Reversible image watermarking, a type of digital data hiding, is capable of recovering the original image and extracting the hidden message with precision. A number of reversible algorithms have been proposed to achieve a high embedding capacity and a low distortion. While numerous algorithms for the achievement of a favorable performance regarding a small embedding capacity exist, the main goal of this paper is the achievement of a more favorable performance regarding a larger embedding capacity and a lower distortion. This paper therefore proposes a reversible data hiding algorithm for which a novel piecewise 2D auto-regression (P2AR) predictor that is based on a rhombus-embedding scheme is used. In addition, a minimum description length (MDL) approach is applied to remove the outlier pixels from a training set so that the effect of a multiple linear regression can be maximized. The experiment results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is superior to those of previous methods.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.608-616
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• 2005

Watermarking has become a technology of choice for a broad range of multimedia copyright protection applications. This paper proposes an audio watermarking scheme that uses the modified tonal masker as an embedding carrier for imperceptible and robust audio watermarking. The method of embedding is to select one of the tonal maskers using a secret key, and to then modify the frequency signals that consist of the tonal masker without changing the sound pressure level. The modified tonal masker can be found using the same secret key without the original sound, and the embedded information can be extracted. The results show that the frequency signals are stable enough to keep embedded watermarks against various common signal processing types, while at the same time the proposed scheme has a robust performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.127-133
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• 2007

We propose new reversible watermarking method for images. Being reversibility, original image and watermarked message should be recovered exactly. We propose different technique for hiding data to pairs. We use new type of histogram (pair histogram), which shows frequencies of each pair in image. We use histogram shift method for data embedding to pairs. We also propose improved version of method which allow hiding data with good performance for high capacities. This algorithm has better result compare to Tian's difference expansion method based on the Haar wavelet decomposition. For proposed algorithm capacity is higher under same PSNR.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.655-670
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• 2010

To be reversible as a data hiding method, the original content and hidden message should be completely recovered. One important objective of this approach is to achieve high embedding capacity and low distortion. Using predicted errors is very effective for increasing the embedding capacity. Sorting the predicted errors has a good influence on decreasing distortion. In this paper, we present an improved reversible data hiding scheme using upgraded histogram shifting based on sorting the predicted errors. This new scheme is characterized by the algorithm which is able to find the optimum threshold values and manage the location map effectively. Experimental results compared with other methods are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.1041-1046
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• 2009

In this paper, we proposed a robust watermark scheme for image based on SVD(Singular Value Transform) and Triplet. First, the original image is decomposed by using 3-level DWT, and then used the singular values changed for embedding and extracting of the watermark sequence in LL3 band. Since the matrix of singular values is not easily altered with various signal processing noises, the embedded watermark sequence has the ability to withstand various signal processing noise attacks. Nevertheless, this method does not guarantee geometric transformation(such as rotation, cropping, etc.) because the geometric transformation changes the matrix size. In this case, the watermark sequence cannot be extracted. To compensate for the above weaknesses, a method which uses the triplet for embedding a barcode image watermark in the middle of frequency band is proposed. In order to generate the barcode image watermark, the pattern of the watermark sequence embedded in a LL3 band is used. According to this method, the watermark information can be extracted from attacked images.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.756-766
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• 2023

To effectively track the illegal use of digital images and maintain the security of digital image communication on the Internet, this paper proposes a reversible multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on a deep residual network (ResNet) and perceptual hashing (also called MWR). The algorithm first combines perceptual image hashing to generate a digital fingerprint that depends on the user's identity information and image characteristics. Then it embeds the removable visible watermark and digital fingerprint in two different regions of the orthogonal separation of the image. The embedding strength of the digital fingerprint is computed using ResNet. Because of the embedding of the removable visible watermark, the conflict between the copyright notice and the user's browsing is balanced. Moreover, image authentication and traitor tracking are realized through digital fingerprint insertion. The experiments show that the scheme has good visual transparency and watermark visibility. The use of chaotic mapping in the visible watermark insertion process enhances the security of the multipurpose watermark scheme, and unauthorized users without correct keys cannot effectively remove the visible watermark.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 2009

This paper proposes a new data hiding scheme for binary image authentication with minimizing the distortion of host image. Based on the Hamming-Code-Based data embedding algorithm, the proposed scheme makes it possible to embed authentication information into host image with only flipping small number of pixels. To minimize visual distortion, the proposed scheme only modifies the values of the flippable pixels that are selected based on Yang et al's flippablity criteria. In addition to this, by randomly shuffling the bit-order of the authentication information to be embedded, only the designated receiver, who has the secret key that was used for data embedding, can extract the embedded data. To show the superiority of the proposed scheme, the two measurement metrics, the miss detection rate and the number of flipped pixels by data embedding, are used for the comparison analysis between the proposed scheme and the previous schemes. As a result of analysis, it has been shown that the proposed scheme flips smaller number of pixels than the previous schemes to embed the authentication information of the same bit-length. Moreover, it has been shown that the proposed scheme causes smaller visual distortion and more resilient against recent steg-analysis attacks than the previous schemes by the experimental results.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.32-37
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• 2009

A new video watermarking scheme with robustness against collusion and synchronization attacks is presented. We propose to embed only a few copies of the watermark along the temporal axis into frames, which are located at the borders of each two different plotlines of the video. As a result, each change of the video plotline is transformed into pulse, which is used for watermark embedding and extraction. In addition, since we embed a watermark only into a small number of frames, the distortions of the video are reduced to minimum. Experimental results show the robustness of the proposed scheme.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1248-1266
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• 2012

This paper presents a multilevel reversible data hiding method based on histogram shifting which can recover the original image losslessly after the hidden data has been extracted from the stego-image. The method of prediction is adopted in our proposed scheme and prediction errors are produced to explore the similarity of neighboring pixels. In this article, we propose two different predictors to generate the prediction errors, where the prediction is carried out using the center prediction method and the JPEG-LS median edge predictor (MED) to exploit the correlation among the neighboring pixels. Instead of the original image, these prediction errors are used to hide the secret information. Moreover, we also present an improved method to search for peak and zero pairs and also talk about the analogy of the same to improve the histogram shifting method for huge embedding capacity and high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). In the one-level hiding, our method keeps image qualities larger than 53 dB and the ratio of embedding capacity has 0.43 bpp (bit per pixel). Besides, the concept with multiple layer embedding procedure is applied for obtaining high capacity, and the performance is demonstrated in the experimental results. From our experimental results and analytical reasoning, it shows that the proposed scheme has higher PSNR and high data embedding capacity than that of other reversible data hiding methods presented in the literature.