• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.656-662
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• 2018

Flavin-containing monooxygenases from Corynebacterium (cFMOs) were mutagenized based on homology modeling to develop variants with an enhanced indigoid production capability. The four mutants, F170Y, A210G, A210S, and T326S, which fused to a maltose-binding protein (MBP), were constructed, and their biochemical properties were characterized. Of these, purified MBP-T326S required a higher concentration of exogenous FAD (100 mM) than the wild-type MBP-cFMO for optimal activity and showed a 3.8-fold increase in the $k_{cat}/K_m$ value at $100{\mu}M$ FAD compared to that of MBP-cFMO at $2{\mu}M$ FAD. The indole oxygenase activities of MBP-T326S decreased to 63-77% compared to that of the MBP-cFMO In addition, MBP-T326S displayed a very low level of futile NADPH oxidase activities (21-24%) in the absence of a substrate. Mutant proteins except for T326S displayed similar $K_m$ and increased $k_{cat}/K_m$ values compared to the wild-type. MBP-F170Y and -A210S mutants showed elevated indole oxygenase activity higher than 3.1- and 2.9-fold, respectively, in comparison with MBP-cFMO. When indigoid production was carried out in LB broth with 2.5 g/l of tryptophan, Escherichia coli expressing cFMO produced 684 mg/l of indigo and 104 mg/l of indirubin, while cells harboring T326S produced 1,040 mg/l of indigo and 112 mg/l of indirubin. The results indicate that the production of indigo was 13% higher when compared to a previous report in which an E. coli expressing FMO from Methylophaga produced 920 mg/l of indigo. The protein engineering of cFMO based on homology modeling provided a more rational strategy for developing indigoid-producing strains.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to study on changing phases of the concentrations of serum testosterone and metabolites in the various grwoing stages of male pigs. The eight males were used to obtain serial blood samples at a, pp.oximately 20kg body weight intervals from birth to 130kg body weight. The blood samples were taken from the jugular veins and serum was stored at -20$^{\circ}C$ until assay. Testosterone concentrations in the serum were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. The result obtained are as follows: 1. Serum testosterone concentrations were elevated at birth and were reached a maximum level between 50 and 70kg body weight, which was when sexual maturity was reached. 2. Calcium values did not vary a, pp.eciably with body weight, and ranged from 9.6${\pm}$0.6 to 11.9${\pm}$0.8mg/100$m\ell$. Potassium and sodium concentrations ranged from 38.5${\pm}$2.9 and 233.9${\pm}$2.1mg/100$m\ell$ to 64.2${\pm}$6.5 and 269.1${\pm}$9.5mg/100$m\ell$, respectively. Magnesium values dro, pp.d at birth and then rose to peak at 15kg of body weight. Iron concentrations was 0.12${\pm}$0.02mg/100$m\ell$ at birth, rose to 0.20${\pm}$0.04mg/100$m\ell$ at 15kg of body weight and then gradually increased to 0.29${\pm}$0.04mg/100$m\ell$ at 30kg of body weight. Serum zinc concentrations rose from a low of 56${\pm}$3.3mg/100$m\ell$ at birth to a high of 83.3${\pm}$3.4mcg/100$m\ell$ at 15kg of body weight. Co, pp.r values rose from a low of 25${\pm}$2.5mcg/100$m\ell$ at birth to a high of 183${\pm}$4.3mcg/100$m\ell$ at 15kg of body weight. 3. Serum cholesterol concenrtration did not vary a, pp.eciably with body weight, and ranged from 90.5${\pm}$6.0mg/100$m\ell$ to 95.0${\pm}$6.3mg/100$m\ell$. Glucose concentrations ranged from 80.5${\pm}$1.2mg/100$m\ell$ to 108.7${\pm}$8.4mg/100$m\ell$. Serum total protein rose from alow of 2.7${\pm}$0.8mg/100$m\ell$ at birth to a rapidly high of 4.3${\pm}$0.1mg/100$m\ell$ at 15kg of body weight and then gradually increased to 7.3${\pm}$0.4mg/100$m\ell$ at 130kg of body weight. Serum albumin values ranged from 0.5${\pm}$0.1$m\ell$ to 3.0${\pm}$0.3mg/100$m\ell$. 4. The total concentrations of essential/nonessential amino acid were 944.7mg/100$m\ell$ and 934.4mg/100$m\ell$ at birth, respectively. The values of essential/nonessential amino acid gradually rose from a low level at birth to a high level at 130kg of body weight. The total concentrations of essential/non-essential amino acid ratios remained from birth to 130kg of body weight.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of practical variations in feed restriction, pre-slaughter handing and chilling regime on pork quality during ageing. A total of twenty male landraces were allocated into three treatments(i.e., pre-slaughter feeding, stress and chilling regime) in a factorial arrangement. pH, temperature, free calcium ions, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, cooking loss, drip loss and objective color were determined during rigor development and/or 1, 3, 7 d postmortem. Pre-slaughter chasing stress for approximately 15 min had no effects on pH/temperature profile and objective meat quality. There was an interaction(P < 0.05) between the fasting treatment and chi1ling regime for muscle temperature at pH 6.2. Sarcomere length indicated that the current experiment conditions did not induce muscle shortening, with 1.7 to 1.8 ${\mu}m$, in spite of a significant effect of the fasting treatment (P<0.01). Pigs fed until the morning of slaughter showed a low WB-shear force(P < 0.05) until 3 d at I "C. The treatment also resulted in a higher Hunter L* and a*(P < 0.05) at 24 h and 7 d. Fasted pigs showed a significantly(P < 0.05) reduced cooking loss. The current results indicated that feeding upon the morning of slaughter became detrimental on meat color and the negative effect on cooking loss were linearly elevated with increased ageing time. On the other hand, WB-shear force did not distinguishable after 3 d. Collectively, it appeared that feed restriction from a day before slaughter could produce more a desirable meat quality at the time of consuming. However, the limited effect of animal handling and chilling rate on meat quality is not necessarily to extend to that these do not affect pork quality, as that largely depends on experimental design.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity and electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution during short day treatment in an ebb and flow systems on the growth and nutrient uptake of potted Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 'Rako' and the nutrient accumulation of growing medium. Nutrient concentrations in the growing medium were also analyzed to investigate the accumulation rates of macro-nutrients such as T-N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. To achieve the objectives, plants were fed with a nutrient solution with 1.2, 1.8, or $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ under three daily photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 4.26, 5.51, or $9.75mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. Both light intensity and EC of nutrient solution significantly influenced the crop growth. The elevation of PPFs resulted in the increase of plant growth. For each light condition, plant growth, such as dry and fresh weight and leaf area, was the highest when the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution was controlled to $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However, growth was acceptable in the EC ranges from 1.8 to $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Both light intensity and EC of nutrient solution significantly influenced the uptake of nutrients in the solution tanks and the accumulation of nutrients in the growing medium. As the EC of nutrient solution was elevated, the absorption rates of $NO_3^-$, $PO_4^{-3}$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ by crops and accumulation of those in growing medium increased, but the light intensity did not significantly influence the absorption rates. Based on the above results, the regression models were suggested for anticipating the macro-nutrient accumulations in growing medium.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of bicarbonate ($HCO_3^-$) concentrations in irrigation solution on growth of lettuce and change in chemical properties of root media. The blue leaf and red leaf lettuces with two true leaf stages were transplanted into 10 cm diameter plastic pots filled with perlite. The five treatments were made by dissolving $NaHCO_3$ into irrigation solution to reach 30, 70, 110, 150 and $180mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3^-$. The crops were fed with fertilizer solution contained $HCO_3^-$ with various concentrations and controlled to $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in nitrogen concentration. The pH in soil solution of root media 10 weeks after transplant of blue lettuces were 7.04 and 7.10 in the treatments of 30 and $70mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of $HCO_3^-$, respectively. But those rose gradually after week 3 and finally reached 7.39, 7.48 and 7.56 at week 10 in the treatments of 110, 150 and $180mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3^-$, respectively. The pH in the treatments of 30 and $70mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3^-$ in cultivation of red leaf lettuce were around 6.65 during week 4 to week 8, but this rose abruptly and reached 6.92 and 7.01 at week 10, respectively. Those in the treatments of 110, 150, and $180mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3^-$ rose gradually and finally reached to 7.49, 7.53, and 7.58, respectively. The EC rose gradually after week 2 in all treatments of blue and red leaf lettuces. The change of macro ion concentrations in both blue and red leaf lettuces showed similar trends. The concentrations of $PO_4-P$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ increased gradually in all treatments of $HCO_3^-$ during cultivation of blue and red leaf lettuces. As the concentrations of $HCO_3^-$ in irrigation solution were elevated, the concentrations of $PO_4-P$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ became higher and that of ${SO_4}^{-2}$ became lower in soil solution of root media. The main reason of concentration changes were that $HCO_3^-$ influenced pH and the pH changes also affect the activities of the ions in soil solution of root media.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.226-235
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• 2017

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a shrub which grows well in a tropical climate. There are large amounts of anthocyanins, organic acids and other compounds in roselle. Mostly, roselle is cultivated to use its red calyx. Its calyx is used as a natural food colorant and commonly consumed as a tea. This quality study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and antioxidant activities of Sulgidduck with roselle calyx powder. Four samples and a control were made with different ratios of added roselle calyx powder (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%). The moisture content of the 0.5%-sample was the highest as 40.60%, and that of the 2%-sample was the lowest as 37.37%. The pH of samples significantly decreased from 6.26 to 3.65 as the amount of roselle calyx powder increased (p<0.05). The L-value of samples also significantly decreased (p<0.05). In contrast, a-value and ${\Delta}E$ of samples significantly increased with elevated amounts of roselle calyx powder (p<0.05). The b-value of roselle calyx added Sulgidduck samples significantly increased compared to the control (p<0.05). Hardness and chewiness of Sulgidduck samples with added roselle calyx also significantly increased compared to the control (p<0.05). Cohesiveness of Sulgidduck samples with roselle calyx significantly decreased compared to control (p<0.05), with the exception of the 1% sample. There were no significant differences in springiness among samples. Total phenolic contents significantly increased when roselle calyx powder was added above a level of 1.5% (p<0.05). The flavonoid content of the control was the lowest as 0.73. ABTS radical scavenging activity significantly increased with increasing amounts roselle calyx powder (p<0.05). The 2%-sample got the lowest sensory preference scores in sweetness and overall acceptability. In contrast, the control and 1%-sample got the highest sensory preference scores. Based on these study findings, addition of 1% roselle calyx powder optimized the preparation of Sulgidduck and roselle calyx is therefore a useful natural colorant and antioxidant.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2004

This study investigated the effect of belly fat on the plasma lipid concentrations in rats. The results were obtained from the rats that had been fed the experimental purified diets containing 5％ corn oil (C) as the control, 5％ commercial lard (Tl), 5％ belly fat (T2), 10％ belly fat(T3), and those given diet(T4) by feeding either C or T3 alternately every 3 days for 30 days. The food intake and food efficiency were not show any significant difference among the treatments. The body weight gain tended to significantly increased when the feeding of added-belly fat in diets (p＜0.05). The plasma triacylglycerides of T3 was higher than the other treatments, and significantly elevated as the number of feeding days of the diets with the belly fat passed when compared to diet C (p＜0.05). The plasma total cholesterol of T3 showed the highest levels in the treatment groups, and was high in the order of T1, T2, T4, and there was a significant difference between the rats given the diet with belly fat and C (p＜0.05). The plasma HDL-C of T2 and T3 was showed the lowest levels in the treatment groups. The plasma HDL-C of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups were significantly decreased as the number of feeding days of the diets with the belly fat increased when compared to diet C (p＜0.05). The plasma LDL-C and Al of T3 showed the highest levels in the treatment groups, and the levels were in order of T1, T2, T4. There was a significant difference between the groups of rats given the belly fat and C (p＜0.05). The bleeding times significantly decreased as the number of feeding days of the belly fat diets increased, and T3 showed the lowest levels, there was a significant difference among the treatment groups (p＜0.05). The whole blood clotting times of T3 showed the lowest values, and significantly decreased according to the number of days of the rats were fed the belly fat diet (p＜0.05). These results showed that frequent consumption and high intake of pork belly can elevate the plasma triacylglyceride and cholesterol levels, and also accelerate red thrombus formation because belly fat contains high levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2001

Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is considered to be a useful herbal medicine in oriental countries for the treatment of headache, migraine, dizziness, childhood convulsion, epilepsy, rheumatism, hypertension, neuralgia and neurological disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the quality of bread added with the powder of GEB. The possibility of GEB wheat flour mixture as bread was studied by adding 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% of GEB powder to wheat flour. In Farinograph data, the dough stability decreased with the increase of GEB powder. Granular size of starches ranged from $36\;{\mu}m\;to\;60{\mu}m$, and the shape of them showed a long oval figure. Amylograph showed that the increase in the ratio of GEB on the doughs slightly elevated in the maximum viscosity. The loaf volume of 0.5% powder increased by 10.2% but that of 2.0% decreased by 16.8%. The moisture content was 43.57% in the control but it increased as the powder addition. The colors of crust and crumb were not significantly different among L, b and ${\Delta}E$, but 'a' value in crumb was increased as the powder addition. The addition of the powder had no significant effect on bread texture. In sensory evaluation, the moistness increased as the increase of the powder addition. The control bread was most excellent, and the bread made by mixing additives were better than just 0.5% GEB-wheat flour in terms of quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.823-828
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• 2006

We established the optimal conditions for the hot water extraction of Camellia japonica compounds based on the yield, the stability (observed by peak changes on an HPLC chromatogram), and the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of the extracts. The extracts were prepared at $90^{\circ}C$ using six solution volumes (ranging from 100 mL to 600 mL), and four different extraction times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min). The results showed that increasing of the extraction volume elevated the radical-scavenging activity of the extracts; however, changes in volume had minimal affects on their yields and their stabilities. An increase in extraction time improved the compound yield; however, it reduced their stability and increased the deterioration of their radical-scavenging activity. Based on our results, we propose the following conditions to be optimal for the hot water extraction of dried C. japonica leaves: a water volume (mL) that is 60 times the weight (g) of the sample at a temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

Purpose: Hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary disease, characterized by hypophosphatemia due to renal phosphate wasting, impaired renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$, rachitic bone deformities and impaired growth. The purpose of this study is to provide clinical profiles of patients with hypophosphatemic rickets in our hospital. Methods: Between July 1983 and February 2004, 56 patients were diagnosed as having hypophosphatemic rickets. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical manifestations, family histories, laboratory data, treatment outcomes were described. Results: Fifty six patients were enrolled in this study. The average age at symptom onset and diagnosis were 20 months and 5 years respectively. Fourteen patients had family histories. The main clinical manifestations were bow legs and short stature. There was a significant negative correlation between the ages and the height z-scores at the time of diagnosis(r=-0.47, P=0.005). Initial laboratory data showed normocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate and a normal range of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ Radiographic examinations of bone revealed fraying, widening and cupping of the metaphyseal ends. Treatment consisted of Joulie solution and vitamin D metabolites, and resulted in improved biochemical and radiographic findings. However, height z-scores remained essentially unchanged(P=0.224). Complications of treatment were frequently observed, including hyperparathyroidism, nephrocalcinosis, and hypercalciuria. Sixteen patients had corrective osteotomy and 4 of them underwent leg lengthening together. Conclusion: There was a gap of several years between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis. Early treatment seems to be essential to growth. For the earlier treatment, the offsprings of affected parents should be followed up closely.