• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.135-158
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• 2000

In recent years, many retail businesses jumped on the Internet auction bandwagon and paid substantially high fees to learn and develop proper business strategies for this new environment. Unlike what most businesses in the real world presume, this research shows that discriminatory-price ascending-bid auctions in a digital economy might be not very beneficial for the sellers on the Internet, if sellers sell the identical digital products through both a typical posted-price market and an auction. Using an extensive technology infrastructure along with suitable incentives and rules for market agents, we found that a discriminatory-price ascending-bid auction, which is the most popular auction mechanism on the Internet, serves consumers better than it does the sellers or producers in the digital economy. That is, the average prices for digital goods in these auctions are substantially lower than the prices in a posted-price market. This shows that it is not so wise for sellers to jump on the bandwagon of Internet auctions, if there is a market place with posted-price mechanisms which sells comparable items, or if a seller does not have special advantages or strategies in this new market institution. Electronic market mechanisms provide powerful means of understanding and measuring consumer characteristics including willingness-to-pay and other demographics for sellers or producers. Many concern that sellers may extract the entire surplus from the market by using customization on the Internet, thus consumers will be worse off in this digital economy. We found that these sellers who can customize their products and prices fail to capture the whole consumers surplus and cannot exercise a monopoly. One major explanation for this phenomenon is that the competition among the sellers prohibits them from charging prices according to customers demand for each product, where switching from one seller to another is not so difficult for the customers, and reselling products among the buyers are prohibited.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.273-293
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• 2021

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the size of the e-commerce has been increased rapidly. This pandemic, which made contact-less communication culture in everyday life made the e-commerce market to be opened even to the consumers who would hesitate to purchase and pay by electronic device without any personal contacts and seeing or touching the real products. Consumers who have experienced the easy access and convenience of the online purchase would continue to take those advantages even after the pandemic. During this time of transformation, however, the size of information source for the consumers has become even shrunk into a flat screen and limited to visual only. To provide differentiated and competitive information on products, companies are adopting AR/VR and steaming technologies but the reviews from the honest users need to be recognized as important in that it is regarded as strong as the well refined product information provided by marketing professionals of the company and companies may obtain useful insight for product development, marketing and sales strategies. Then from the consumer's point of view, if the ratings of reviews are widely diverged how consumers would process the review information before purchase? Are non-converged ratings always unreliable and worthless? In this study, we analyzed how consumer's regulatory focus moderate the attitude to process the diverged information. This experiment was designed as a 2x2 factorial study to see how the variance of product review ratings (high vs. low) for cosmetics affects product attitudes by the consumers' regulatory focus (prevention focus vs. improvement focus). As a result of the study, it was found that prevention-focused consumers showed high product attitude when the review variance was low, whereas promotion-focused consumers showed high product attitude when the review variance was high. With such a study, this thesis can explain that even if a product with exactly the same average rating, the converged or diverged review can be interpreted differently by customer's regulatory focus. This paper has a theoretical contribution to elucidate the mechanism of consumer's information process when the information is not converged. In practice, as reviews and sales records of each product are accumulated, as an one of applied knowledge management types with big data, companies may develop and provide even reinforced customer experience by providing personalized and optimized products and review information.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

We can build regular customer relationships combining SNS (social networking service) with shopping mall like offline trade. A customer who once purchased is registered as reaular and the relationship continues afterward. The registered regular customer get sthe information about objective product shipment and besides it, he contacts with a story of frams, growth of vegetables, sows to harvests. Consumer can purchase with one click necessary foods as he looks at timeline. Sellers give information about news. discounts to customers. Besides it, food storages, recipes can be given to consumers. The good point here is that selling and promoting can be performed within one account. This is better than link is provided for selling an promoting separately. Like this, besides personal connections using SNS, categorization function gives consumers on line shopping mall service. Once the consumer purchase, he is registered as regular. Besides, the consumers who do not know each other, can share information, suggest products, spread the news.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 2008

Satisfaction of consumer preferences is a key factor for the success of the products. Therefore, design mangers try to develop the profitable products through the intensive survey on the consumer preferences. Although the studies on the preferable product design and the design factors have long been carried out, most of these studies dealt only with the design factors preferable for individual product category ignoring the relationship of the product categories which are related to each other. For designers and design managers, in this study, we propose the guidelines of successful product development by finding preferred common and distinct design factors through analysis of the relations between the consumer preferences and design factors in various portable electric devices. To this end, we analyzed the preferred common and distinct design factors from portable electric devices including the electronic dictionaries, notebook computers, cellular phones, and MP3 players. We used hierarchical regression analysis for the effects of the design factors on the preferences among the product categories and regression analysis for the effects among each product category. The analysis on the preferred common design factors among the four product categories revealed that consumers did not care about the whole body type but preferred white color, metallic and glassy texture in the body. Also, the preferred design factors in the each product category are as follows; oval body shape and black color in electronic dictionaries, white color, metallic and glassy texture in notebook computers, plastic texture in cellular phones, rectangular body shape and plastic texture in MP3 players. In the case of notebook computers, the preferred common and distinct design factors were the same. We expect these results will be helpful for designers and design managers to identify the preferred design factors to consider when developing the various portable electric devices.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2017

In these days, MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) devices become the crucial sensor components in mobile devices, automobiles and several electronic consumer products. For MEMS devices, the packaging determines the performance, reliability, long-term stability and the total cost of the MEMS devices. Therefore, the packaging technology becomes a key issue for successful commercialization of MEMS devices. As the IoT and wearable devices are emerged as a future technology, the importance of the MEMS sensor keeps increasing. However, MEMS devices should meet several requirements such as ultra-miniaturization, low-power, low-cost as well as high performances and reliability. To meet those requirements, several innovative technologies are under development such as integration of MEMS and IC chip, TSV(through-silicon-via) technology and CMOS compatible MEMS fabrication. It is clear that MEMS packaging will be key technology in future MEMS. In this paper, we reviewed the recent development trends of the MEMS packaging. In particular, we discussed and reviewed the recent technology trends of the MEMS bonding technology, such as low temperature bonding, eutectic bonding and thermo-compression bonding.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.150-155
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• 2013

Vibrotactile actuators for small consumer electronic products, such as mobile devices, have been widely used for conveying haptic sensation to users. One of the most important things in vibrotactile actuators is to be developed in the form of thin actuator which can be easily embedded into mobile devices and to provide vibrotactile signals with wide frequency band to users. Thus, this paper proposes a thin film type haptic actuator with an aim to convey vibrotactile information with high frequency bandwidth to users in mobile devices. To this end, a vibrotactile actuator which creates haptic sensation is designed and constructed based on cellulose acetate material. A cellulose acetate material charged with an electric potential can generate vibration under the AC voltage input. It is found that the motion of the actuator can have concave or convex shape by controlling a polarity of both charged membranes and the actuator performance can be modulated by increasing level of biased electric potential. The experiment clearly shows that the proposed actuator creates enough output force to stimulate human skin with a large frequency bandwidth and to simulate various vibrotactile sensations to users.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the input methods of the numeric keypads that are widely used in various types of consumer and industrial electronic products. Three methods to enter numerals using keypads were compared: (1) Machine Intelligence, (2) + 100 key, and (3) Enter key input methods. Experiments were conducted to compare these three input methods for the channel selection of TV. Experimental prototypes which simulate TV user interfaces were developed using $RAPID^{TM}$ for usability testings. In the experiment, data on subject performance such as completion time, operational errors, and user interaction were collected through auto-logging method and video recording. After each test session, subjective preference was also asked using a questionnaire. In order to analyze the type of operation errors and the error causation, operation sequences were analyzed from the collected data. The Enter key input method showed better performance than other input methods. Based on these results. we can conclude that the input method using numeric keypads should be compatible with generic number counting(to input ch 7, it would be better to input 7 directly than to input 07 or 007) and should switch the channel as quickly as possible. This conclusion can be applied to the design of user interfaces which require numeral inputs.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.433-452
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study is to give ergonomists the brief summary of the recently published ISO standards on human-system interaction and tips for application of the standards. Background: Standard developers did hard work on developing a standard in a concise manner. But most of standards are often bulky in volume. Readers of the standards are difficult to catch key points from the voluminous contents of standards and intermingle among them. Method: Focused on newly developed display/control technology, this study reviewed the 14 ISO standards on human-system interaction published during 2008-2013 and summarized key points from them. Results: Schematic diagrams and tables concisely illustrated the processes, procedures, dimensions, or best practices recommended by the standards concerning conception, design, and usability testing for consumer products. Conclusion: The standards provided the minimum level of requirements on design and evaluation on the physical input devices, electronic displays, and control interfaces based on the current state of technology. But the minimum requirements specified in the standards nowadays become mandatory ergonomic requirements in global trade world. Application: Ergonomists can take a quick and broad view on international standardization activities on newly developed display/control technology from this summary study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.44
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• pp.168-179
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• 1999

In order to settle down structural causes of the process of distribution and apparel production in domestic fashion industry, and to raise competitive power with changing market environment, we need to bulid up Quick Response(QR) system based on information technology such as EDI(Electronic Data Interchange), KAN(Korea Article Number), and POS(Point of Sales), POS is the most valuable information tool to promote QR system paractically. The purpose of this study was to investigate motivation of POS adoption, problems in operating the system, and satisfaction on POS effects. Data were collected by sending questionnaire to the managers in apparel firms which were using POS. Statistical devices were t-test, frequency with SAS program. The results fo the study were as follows: 1. The degree of satisfaction to POS effects was rather good. Especially, rapid evaluations on new products gave the greatest satisfaction to the users. 2. Satisfaction degree of POS effects according to introduces time and organization characteristic(number of employees) have no significant difference, but the firms which have higher annual sales volume showed higher satisfaction degree. Merchandise department showed higher satisfaction on POS effects. 3. The motivation of POS adoption was an effective logistics control with consumer information as a marketing strategy. The problems in operating the system were lack of investment, and professionals. They almost didn't have KAN code, instead, have their own code system.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.76-85
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• 2017

We investigate the indirect-fed magnetic resonant wireless power transfer (MR-WPT) system for wireless charging for mobile devices by rearranging the loops and coils. Conventional MR-WPT is difficult to apply to consumer electronic products because of the arrangement of the resonators. In addition, there are restrictions for charging using a wireless technology, which depend on the circumstances of the usage scenarios. For practical applications, we analyzed the transfer efficiency of the MR-WPT system with various combinations and positions of resonators. Three rearranged configurations (Out-Out, Out-In, In-In) have been considered and experimentally investigated using hollow pipe loops and wire copper coils. There were four types of loops and two types of coils; each one had a different diameter and thickness. The results of the measurements show that the trends of the transfer efficiencies for the three configurations were similar. A transfer efficiency of 82.5% was achieved at a 35-cm distance between the 60-cm diameter transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils.