• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2024

The number of elderly in care facilities is increasing in parallel with a rapid increase in the elderly population in Korea. We analyzed the meal satisfaction ratings, food preferences, and nutritional intakes of 74 patients aged ≥65 years living in a nursing hospital in Daegu. Food preferences were high for cooked rice, rice gruel, meat soup, soybean paste stew, beef, frozen pollack, squid, egg, spinach, sea mustard, cabbage kimchi, apple, peanut, drinking yogurt, pickled perilla leaves, and salted squid. Preferences for duck (P<0.01) and vegetable (P<0.01) cooking method were significantly different for men and women, and preference for soybean paste stew increased with age (P<0.05). Regarding nutrient intakes, men had higher energy (P<0.01), carbohydrates (P<0.05), and zinc (P<0.05) intakes than women, while women had higher vitamin C (P<0.05) intake than men. Furthermore, energy (P<0.001), carbohydrates (P<0.001), protein (P<0.05), dietary fiber (P<0.01), vitamin B₆ (P<0.01), phosphorus (P<0.05), and zinc (P<0.001) intakes significantly decreased with age. Men had a significantly higher nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) for carbohydrates (P<0.05) and cal- cium (P<0.01) than women, while women had a significantly higher NARs for protein (P<0.05), vitamin A (P<0.01), vitamin C (P<0.05), thiamine (P<0.01), riboflavin (P<0.001), iron (P<0.001), and zinc (P<0.01). Mean adequacy ratios were 0.69 for men and 0.75 for women. In particular, NARs for carbohydrates (P<0.01), vitamin B₆ (P<0.01), and calcium (P<0.05) decreased significantly with age. In summary, the study shows that supplementing vitamin C, vitamin B₆, calcium, and iron, reducing sodium, and providing meals that reflect preferences will improve the nutritional statuses of elderly residents in a nursing hospital.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2022

This study proposed a multiple regression equation for predicting VO2max of elderly men and women using functional performance variables required to conduct daily activities. The subjects of this study were 58 elderly men (72.4±5.9 yrs) and 117 elderly women (73.4±4.5 yrs) aged 65-90 who belong to the senior welfare center. The maximal graded exercise test using a cycle ergometer and functional performance representing muscle strength, endurance, static and dynamic flexibility, mobility, and agility were measured. For statistical processing, multiple regression analysis was performed, and the statistical significance level was α = .05. As a result, the VO2max estimation formula for the elderly was 0.419 (standing up and sitting down a chair) + 0.199 (leg endurance against wall) + 5.383, and R2=0.406. In addition, the VO2max estimation formula for elderly women is - 0.737 (standing up from a supine position) - 0.144 (waking around two cones in a figure 8) - 0.135 (%body fat) + 0.042 (one leg balance with eyes open) + 29.395, R2=0.367 was calculated. The conclusion is that if the maximal graded exercise test is not available, it is considered that VO2max of the elderly can be predicted properly by using the estimation formula calculated based on the functional performance variable.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Chewing difficulty is a factor contributing to a poor nutritional status in the elderly. The aim of this study was to examine disparities in food and nutrition intakes among Korean elderly people with and without chewing difficulty. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study utilized data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2013. The study subjects included males and females over 65 years of age who were not required to adhere to a special diet due to disease or sickness. They were divided into groups according to their chewing ability. Those who found chewing "very difficult" or "difficult", were combined to form the chewing difficulty group. Similarly, those who found chewing "moderately difficult", "easy", and "very easy" were combined to form the normal chewing group. RESULTS: Of the 999 subjects, 47.7% had chewing difficulties and the prevalence of chewing difficulty was higher in females than in males (P = 0.03) and higher in those 75 years of age and over than in younger individuals (P < 0.001). The chewing difficulty group had a significantly lower intake of fruits and vegetables (P < 0.05) and lower vitamin C and potassium intake than those in the normal group. Comparison of the percentages of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) in the two groups indicated that the intake of most nutrients (energy, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and iron) were significantly lower in the chewing difficulty group than in the normal group. In particular, calcium intake was inadequate (51% of KDRIs) in the chewing difficulty group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that chewing difficulty is closely related to food and nutrient intake in the elderly and can result in vitamin and mineral intake deficiencies. It is evident that the care of elderly subjects with chewing difficulty is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.235-245
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• 2007

This study was undertaken to develop web-based nutrition information contents for the older adults. Twenty six domestic web-sites were analyzed and then 12 foreign web-sites and 4 education materials for the elderly of foreign university were benchmarked. Also a lot of literatures on elderly education program were reviewed. A card-sorting task was performed with 8 older adults to ascertain how the target audience organized information about nutrition. The results were as fellows. Among 26 domestic web-sites, 2 sites(7.7%) were only for the elderly. Main topics of information contents for the elderly included 'Importance of Healthy Eating', 'DRI', 'Dietary Guidelines'. Four of twelve foreign web-sites were for the elderly nutrition education. Topics of 'Dietary Guideline', 'Meal Program' were found in 4 sites and 'Importance of Healthy Eating', 'Diet & Disease', 'DRI, 'Food Guide Pyramid', 'Nutrition Fact Labels' were found in 3 sites. Education materials of foreign university dealt with basic information on 'nutrient needs changes related with aging', 'Heart & Bone Healthy Eating Plan', 'Food Guide Pyramid'. Also topics on 'Eating on a budget', 'Eating Out Guideline' were included for practical use for the elderly. Based on card-sorting process, contents framework for web-site was developed and 4 main menus for framework were respectively named as 'Nutrition', 'Meals', 'Foods'. 'Check up Nutritional Health' by panel discussion. Finally we developed nutrition information contents for 4 main menus. We focused on helping older adults recognize the importance of healthy eating and apply the nutrition information to practical use. We expect that the developed framework of contents can be a guideline for indentifying the information needs of older adults in developing effective nutrition intervention program. And we suggest that the survey for target people should be peformed for the web-site to be user-friendly designed and the developed contents be evaluated and revised in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.578-592
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• 1997

The use of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake has become widespread in nutritional epidemiologic studies. It had been suggested that knowledge about a person's usual portion size of each meal in addition to consumption frequency will improve the accuracy of this method. This study was performed to investigate the dietary intake status(nutrient, food, and dish intake) and one portion size of commonly consumed food and dishes to develop a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire that will be used to expore the relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diet in Korean women after menopause. Intake of food or dish in 123 elderly women were measured by 3-day food records in March to May, 1996. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow : 1) Calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E intakes were less adequate than Recommended dietary allowances(RDA). 2) The subjects who consumed more than 20% of the energy from fat were 35% and the subjects consumed dietary cholesterol more than 300mg were 18$\%$. 3) The most frequently consumed foods or dishes by the subjects were Korean cabbage kimchi〉cooked rice, well-milled〉laver〉apple〉strawberry〉mixed rice〉soybean soup. 4) The major dish groups which contributed to most daily nutrient intakes were cooked rice, Korean cabbage kimchi, soybean soup because of large amount and high frequency of intake although they do not contain large amount of most nutrients. 5) One portion size of commomly consumed foods and dishes in elderly women was different from one portion size suggested in the Korean nutrition society. This study provides information for the design of data-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. for Korean elderly women. In addition, they may be useful to health care planners or nutrition educators. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 578-592, 1997)

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.608-617
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• 2008

This study examined the level of reaction towards damage related to health foods and the factors affecting this reaction among the elderly. Data were collected from 269 elderly individuals living in Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju and Busan. Frequencies, chi-square tests, and a multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed using the SPSS v. 14.0 program. When asked about their reaction towards damage related to health foods, approximately 48% of the respondents answered 'no response', 34% answered 'private response', and 18% answered 'public response'. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that education level and awareness of health food price were significant factors influencing 'private response', and concerns about health foods and awareness of damage redemption were significant factors for 'public response'. These results imply that consumer education for elderly to prevent damage derived from the purchase and consumption of health foods is required.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2010

The study of the elderly and poor oral status interpersonal relationships and smooth social life limited to give is the social alienation and isolation, promoting to having problems with a sense of the elderly subjective oral health status and social efficacy affects whether analyzed. 1. Subjective oral health status authoring feel healthy food disorders, toothache, periodontal problems, tmj pain, dry mouth, bad breath symptoms such as 'sometimes' 'often' than a 'no' if you appear to be a highly subjective and social efficacy Efficacy of oral health status and social influence were more (p<0.01). 2. Subjective oral health status of the seven kinds of sub-variable that oral health status, food authoring disorders, toothache, gum disease, jaw joint or more, dry mouth, bad breath instantly and look at the relationship between social efficacy oral health status, ability of mastication, pain in oral, gum disease, tmj pain, dry mouth, presence of halitosis than positive (+) was correlated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to assess the demands and satisfactions of silver welfare professionals for elderly individuals residing in the Northern Gyeonggi-do area. To this end, a survey was conducted to investigate elderly individuals and employees related with them in terms of their recognition, interest, and involvement in a labor training program. The sources of health information the subjects received included mass media(50%) and health professionals(41%), and they tended to trust the information they received from health professionals(64%) and the mass media(26%). In the case of health professionals working at silver care facilities, the sources of health information to which they had access were: mass media (51%), health professionals(20%), internet(14%), reliable health professionals(56%), mass media(22%), and books related to health(18%). Elderly subjects' reasons for satisfaction with the facilities were as follows: access to meals(32%), elderly communities(24%), and good facilities(22%), whereas the reason subjects reported dissatisfaction with social difficulties(68%), bad facilities(20%), and programs(12%). The degrees of satisfaction of the respondents with the facility's employees were reported as follows: life manager(28%), nurse(16%), and social worker(15%), whereas the subjects reported some degree of dissatisfaction with: nurses(29%), care helpers(17%), and facilities officers(13%). The priorities of the elderly welfare-related information were: disease and health(49%), daily life support(17%), nursing(11%), welfare facilities(8%), and the principal issues they reported as being relevant to elderly individuals were: palsy(16%), arthritis(14%), diabetes (12%), hypertension(10%), dementia(6%). They reported that the most important personnel for elderly in the future would be care managers(44%) and care helpers(21%). Via this developmental program of silver health care professionals, a variety of new job opportunities may be provided in the future, and a program related to the silver service industry must be established as soon as possible.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1999

Diet quality index DQI) offers a new way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. Nutrients and food consumption data from 100 elderly Korean women aged 65 and older were collected in Seoul or Kyunggi-do, Korea by the 24 hour recall method. Diet quality index (DQI) was computed for 1049 elderly women (65 and older) from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in the US according to US dietary guidelines, and applied to the diet of elderly Korean women for purposes of comparison. A modified 16-point DQI awarded 2 points each for moderate consumption of fat ($\leq$ 30% energy), saturated fat ($\leq$ 10%), cholesterol ($\leq$ 300 mg/day), sodium ($\leq$ 2400 mg/day), and protein ($\leq$ 100% RDA), adequate intakes of carbohydrate ($\qeq$50% energy) and calcium ($\qeq$ 100% RDA), and plenty of fruits and vegetables ($\qeq$ 5 servings). Criteria were based on US dietary guidelines. Partial scores were given if subjects were close to meeting these cutoff points. Diets with $\leq$ 300 mg cholesterol/day were reported by 97% or the Korean sample and 82% of the American sample, while 90% of the Koreans and 42% of the Americans met the goal of $\leq$ 30% of energy from fat, and 98% of the Koreans and 47% of American met the recommendation of $\leq$ 10% of energy from saturated fat. In contrast, only 8% of the Korean sample met the sodium recommendation of $\leq$ 2400 mg sodium per day, whereas 54% of the American subjects met this goal. The mean DQI scores were 10.1 for the elderly American women and 11.3 for the elderly Korean women. Overall, the elderly Korean diet was more consistent with the US dietary guidelines than the elderly American diet.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 1997

The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33$\%$, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52$\%$ exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for $\frac{1}{2}$-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9$\%$and 72.8$\%$ of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75$\%$ of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5$\%$ and 91.1$\%$ of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 556-567, 1997)