• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.493-495
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• 1999

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) acids of gull eggs were analyzed and the results are summarized as follows: 1. EPA and DHA were 2.25% and 4.35% in the total fatty acid of gull eggs. 2. Triglyceride fractions in the fatty acids had 0.56% in EPA and 1.59% DHA. 3. Diglyceride fractions contained 1.10% EPA and 1.97% DHA. 4. Phospholipid fractions had the most abundant amounts of 4.26% EPA and 8.13% DHA.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.170-172
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• 1989

It is preyed that marine algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa can synthesize about 3.52% of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) of dry cell weight at the light intensity of 10 W/$\m^2$ which is optimal light intensity of producing EPA at $25^{\circ}C$. An equation to predict the amounts of EPA in the culture broth is derived as an exponential form with 0.91 of the correlation factor. The behavior of cell growth follows a photo-inhibition model by showing 12 W/$\m^2$ of saturation light intensity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2011

To obtain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing bacteria, some 600 strains of bacteria were isolated from Antarctic sediment and marine organisms during the summer expedition of 1999-2000 and 7 EPA-producing bacteria were obtained through screening with TLC and GC. A strain designated as L93 showed the highest EPA production, which was gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. L93 strain was identified as Shewanella sp., from the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. Optimal conditions temperature and pH for the growth and EPA production were about $4^{\circ}C$ and pH 7. In addition, its production was optimized by 50%(w/v) sea salt. We establish the optimal production system to produce about 320 mg per liter by using this optimal EPA production conditions. EPA-methyl ester was purified from cultured L93 strain to a purity of higher than 97% and typical purification yield is greater than 72% of the input amount via urea complexation and HPLC.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 1999

Supercritical $CO_2$ chromatography was applied for purification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil. Various supercritical $CO_2$ pressures were tested to find out the pressure effects on solubility and selectivity of low fatty acids in the silver nitrate column. The solubility of low fatty acids was increased as the supercntical $CO_2$ Pressure increased. However, the selectiviy between low fatty acids and EPA waw decreased. Stepwise density gradient method was applied to increase the purification efficiency of EPA. Low fatty acids were easily separated at the early elution steps with low $CO_2$ densities. Successive fractions containing 92.1~97.8% of EPA were collected. The average concentration of three purified fractions was 95.6% with the recovery rate of 30%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 1991

Marine baceteria of fish interstines were screened for high eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) productivity. An isolated bacteria, KS-90, identified and designated as Allteromonus putrefaciens KS-90. A. putrefaciens KS-90 was found to be a rich source of EPA production and it was observed on incuibation at 4~12.5$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. The production of EPA reached 18mg/g of dry cell weight when A. putrefaciens KS-90 was grown in the medium containing 1.0% pepton, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.025% meat extract and 2.0% glucose in 1/2 concentration of an artificial seawater, pH for 48 hr at $25^{\circ}C$. This value accounted for 24.7% of the total fatty acid in the extractable lipids.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 1994

In order to investigate of the Influence of $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ on ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid converted into the eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) forming in plasma lipid and in liver microsomes of rabbit, the animals were fed on the perila oil rich ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid or sardine oil rich EPA and DBA diet for 4 weeks were examined. In plasma, liver lipid, $Mg^{2+}$ was influenced on arachidonic acid(AA), EPA, DHA formative from ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid in perilla oil, but stearic acid was increased, $Ca^{2+}$ was Influenced on stearic acid increased and DHA was decreased. In phospholipid, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ was influenced on stearic acid increased and DHA was decreased in perilla oil.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.531-535
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• 1995

The identification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by Pseudomonas sp. CH-414 were investigated under the optimal culture conditions. The maximum dry cell weight and phospholipid production showed about 10 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml, respectively, at the 48 hr cultivation. The phospholipid form produced by Pseudomonas sp. CH-414 was elucidated as a phosphatidyt ethanolamine by thin layer chromatography. EPA was contained about 15% in the. extractable lipid, and the amount of EPA was about 83 $\mu $g/ml from the culture broth. Also myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were identified with gas chromatography.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2011

Previous studies suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids with long carbon chains such as eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) have several health benefits. However metabolic consequences of these fatty acids themselves and their regulation of transcriptional activity involving glucose utilization are not well established. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how EPA influx affects cellular lipid accumulation and gene expressions involving $de$ $novo$ lipogenesis in hepatocyte cultures. Compared to oleic acid treatment, EPA treatment showed remarkably decreased cellular TG conversion and accumulation, along with phospholipids at a lower extent. As expected, EPA increased mRNA expression involving fatty acid influx and lipid droplet formation, but did not affect mRNA expression involving glucose utilization. EPA increased transcriptional activity of PPAR-${\alpha}$ and glucose responsive transcription factor when transcription factor binding protein was activated. Taken together, these data suggest that EPA decreases lipid accumulation through increases of the ${\beta}$-oxidation pathway without interruption of glucose utilization.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2001

Animal and clinical studies as well as epidemiological data have provided convincing evidence that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can protect against atherosclerosis. However, the effects of the fatty acids on atherogenesis are contradictory. This discrepancy could derive from great susceptibility of the fatty acids to oxidation. We investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic aced(EPA) on cellular atherogenesis via the scavenger receptor of THP-1 derived macrophages. THP-1 cells were fully differentiated into macrophages by incubating with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for seven days. Atherogenic features of EPA were compared by subsitituting for linoleic acid (LA). Macrophages were also incubated without treatment of the fatty acids as controls. EPA (5-50 nmol/mL) was not cytotoxic and did not measurably induce cellular oxidation compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) vehicle or identical doses of LA. EPA increased macrophage uptake and degradation of acetylated LDL(AcLDL) up to 14% and 88%, respectively. EPA increased markedly total cellular sterol synthesis and heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity of macrophages, indicating that EPA may enhance accumulation of cellular cholesteryl ester and possibly facilitate formation of foam cells. These results demonstrate that EPA promotes the modified LDL-triggered atherosclerotic process by the modulation of the scavenger receptor and the activation of LPL in macrophages.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.881-887
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• 2009

Forty-four eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing microbial strains were isolated from the intestines of marine fishes. Among them, one strain showing a maximum level of EPA (4.78% of total fatty acids) was identified as Shewanella sp. BR-2 on the basis of its 168 rRNA sequence. The EPA content reached a maximum level during the mid-exponential phase of cell growth, and gradually decreased with further growth of the cells. A cosmid DNA including the EPA biosynthesis gene cluster consisting of pfaA-E was isolated from a cosmid library of genomic DNA of Shewanella sp. BR-2, named pCosEPA-BR2. An E. coli clone harboring pCosEPA-BR2 produced EPA at a maximum level of 7.5% of total fatty acids, confirming the EPA biosynthesis activity of the cloned gene cluster.