• 한국항해학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-48
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• 1995

In the process of containerization, the problem of regional maldistribution of container management plan arises seriously due to several factors like a number of unbalances of containers between loading and discharging ports. This study focus on the minimizing cost. This study is composed of two models which in effective management decision making show decision of the number of containers and transfer of empty containers. One is decision of the number of containers which carriers should possess by appropriate forecasting and the other is effective management decision making which includes the transfer of empty containers on calling ports. This study has suggested as follows, First, the Time Series analysis method, especially the "Exponential Smooting with Trend Adjustment" was used to forecast the trade volumes for the designated traffic route. Second, the Time Series analysis method in deciding the optimal number of owned container at the unbalances trade situation between East Bound and West Bound service, most important variables were found such as total traffic volume, the calling interval at a port, the number of days of voyage and the length of stay on shore of container for the optimal number of owned container. Third, effective management decision making model, which makes it possible to analyze the impacts of change in important matters such as lease and positioning policy, and actually influence decision making.on making.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.805-820
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• 2016

A fully coupled non-linear effective stress response finite difference (FD) model is built to survey the counter-intuitive recent findings on the reliance of pore water pressure ratio on foundation contact pressure. Two alternative design scenarios for a benchmark problem are explored and contrasted in the light of construction emission rates using the EFFC-DFI methodology. A strain-hardening effective stress plasticity model is adopted to simulate the dynamic loading. A combination of input motions, contact pressure, initial vertical total pressure and distance to foundation centreline are employed, as model variables, to further investigate the control of permanent and variable actions on the residual pore pressure ratio. The model is verified against the Ghosh and Madabhushi high acceleration field test database. The outputs of this work are aimed to improve the current computer-aided seismic foundation design that relies on ground's packing state and consistency. The results confirm that on seismic excitation of shallow foundations, the likelihood of effective stress loss is greater in deeper depths and across free field. For the benchmark problem, adopting a shallow foundation system instead of piled foundation benefitted in a 75% less emission rate, a marked proportion of which is owed to reduced materials and haulage carbon cost.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.73-85
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was to investigate the compliance behavior of hypertensive patients in light of their health belief model that explains an individual's compliance with health maintenance or getting well. Although there are many effective regimens and treatments for hypertension nowadays. the most important point to be taken to consideration in their behavioral aspect is their compliance with regard to the control of body weight. eating habits as to salt and cholesterol intake. stresses. activity patterns and smoking as related to their life style. The important reasons for the failure in the control of hypertensive patients are the complexity of regimens to be complied to. irregular medication and the life long restrictions in their own life style. The compliance of patients to medical regimens and rocommendations or failure to do so is an essential factor. Accordingly. the degree of the patient's compliance is an important determinant as to the success or failure of hypertension control. The subjects for this study were 187 hypertensive patients selected from admitted and out patients of the medical department at seven University Hospitals in Seoul. Data was collected from Dec. 1, 1979 to Feb. 15, 1980 using the questionaire method and was analysed by the use of means. standard deviations, coefficient of correlations, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis. The results obtained are as follows A. Of the seven independent variables in light of health belief model. benefit. barrier and severity are closely related to patient's compliance behavior. Therefore these variables could be used as determinants to predict and modify the hypertensive behavior. 1. Benefit is the most important and significant of the variables for explaining the dependent variables. It accounts for the highest variance of patient's compliance. (23.62%) 2. Then taking the former together with barrier. the variance of compliance showed on increase. (26.59%) 3. And with the addition of severity to the first two. the variance of compliance was also increased. (28.l2 %) B. Except for susceptibility all the independent variables such as severity. benefit, knowledge. motivation and barrier are correlated to dependent variable compliance. C. Sex. marital status and religion appeared to have significant influence on the dependent variables. Therefore one could conclude that the more the patients are aware that hypertension is a threat to health. the more they understand the benefit of taking actions to prevent such a threat. and the less they perceive any barrier when taking action. the more compliant they become in following medical regimens and recommendations. Age. marital status and religion played a significant influence to their compliance. Accordingly. the selected structural variables and demographic variables which have influenced sick role behavior of the hypertensive patient must be integrated to teaching and counselling programs for better hypertension control.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study sets factors from previous research known to impact transfer effects as the independent variables, and examines their relationship with the dependent variables, near transfer effects and far transfer effects. Background: Transfer of Training refers to the application of what learners acquire knowledge and skills in training programs to their job. The ultimate goal of training is to apply what employees learn in training sessions to their workplace. In this sense, transfer of training has been a vital concern for training effectiveness. For training to be effective, trainees(learners) should be able to use what they learn in training program back on the job. Method: For this research purpose, this study conducted a survey on 170 nuclear operators in nuclear education and training center. Of these, survey result from the 167 recruits were sampled. Theoretical model of this study is based on Holton & Baldwin's(2003) distance model of transfer effects. This study sets transfer effects(near transfer, far transfer) as the main dependent variables. Meanwhile, the independent variables are trainee characteristics, training characteristics, organizational transfer climate. Each independent variable has subordinate variables. Subordinate variables of trainee characteristics are self-efficacy, motivation to learn, motivation to transfer and ability to transfer. Subordinate variables of training characteristics are training contents, ability of trainers, training design, training climate. The last Subordinate variables of organizational transfer climate are support of supervisors, support of peer, support of organization. Conclusion: As a analysis result, trainee characteristics appeared to be in effect only significant influence near far transfer of training, the effect of the far transfer of training, there is no significant. In addition, the training characteristics appeared to be having a significant influence on near and far transfer effects. Organizational transfer climate appeared to be having a significant influence on near and far transfer effects. Finally, near transfer effect appeared to be having a significant influence on far transfer effects. Application: Results of this analysis in the study to training organization and training characteristics of the transition environment effects on nuclear power institutions and operators training organization having a significant impact that says. The transfer of knowledge and technology, as well as that can be applied to a new situation in terms of education and training are important characteristics.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.131-158
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• 2009

각 의사결정단위(decision making unit: DMU)의 효율성을 추정하는 기법의 하나인 '확률적 프론티어 분석'(Stochastic Frontier Analysis)을 사용하여 국내 공공 연구기관에 소속된 기술이전조직의 기술이전 관련 활동들의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 효과를 분석하였다. 확률 프론티어 분석에서 독립변수들은 효율적 생산기술('생산 프론티어')에 직접 영향을 미치거나 생산 프론티어와 관측치의 거리로 표현되는 DMU의 효율성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 가정된다. 해외의 선행 연구에서는 인력, 연구개발비 등의 투입변수들은 생산 프론티어에 영향을 미치고, 그 밖의 환경 또는 조직 관련 변수들은 효율성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 가정되었다. 본 연구에서는 환경 및 조직변수들이 선행 연구의 영향 경로와 다른 방식으로 성과에 영향을 미치는지 여부를 밝히기 위해 여러 형태의 모형을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 투입 요소 가운데 연구개발비가 성과의 증가에 가장 확실한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기관유형, 기관의 소재 지역 등의 환경변수들이 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났나. 셋째, 기술이전과 관련된 보상시스템 등의 일부 조직변수들이 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 환경변수와 조직변수들은 DMU의 효율성에 영향을 주기 보다는 생산 프론티어에 직접 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 일부 모형에서는 거의 모든 DMU의 효율성이 1에 가까운 것으로 나타났는데 이는 효율성을 기준으로 공공 연구기관의 기술이전 활동성과를 평가하는 것은 효과적이지 못하다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구의 결과는 추가적인 자료를 통해 보완되어야 한다. 또한 더욱 일반적인 생산함수 형태를 고려할 필요가 있으며 산출 거리함수 등의 개념을 이용하여 복수산출물의 경우까지 분석 범위를 확장할 필요가 있다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.604-613
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• 2003

이 연구의 목적은 메타전략 활동이 중학교 1학년 학생들의 변인통제 능력 향상에 효과가 있는지를 조사하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 대구광역시내 1개 중학교 1학년 3학급을 각각 메타전략 활동집단, 문제풀이 활동집단 및 통제집단으로 선정하였다. 처치활동으로 메타전략 활동집단에게는 매회 15분씩 총 4회에 걸쳐 어느 한 특정 상황에서 변인통제전략에 대한 컨트롤, 모니터 및 평가 등의 활동이 요구되는 자료를 투입하였다. 문제풀이 활동집단에게는 메타전략 활동집단과 같은 방법으로 활동자료를 투입하였으나 그 내용은 다양한 상황하에서 여러 가지 변인통제 문제들을 해결하는 활동으로 구성되었다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 메타전략 활동집단은 문제풀이 활동집단 및 통제집단보다 변인통제 능력 향상에 효과적이며(p<.05) , 그 효과는 지속적이었다(p<.01). 문제풀이 활동집단의 경우, 통제집단보다 효과는 있었으나(p<.05) 지속 효과는 없었다. 둘째, 변인통제 능력의 요소별 발달 정도를 집단간 비교 분석 결과, 메타전략 활동집단이 문제풀이 활동집단보다 고정변인 찾기 능력에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보인 반면(p<.01), 독립변인 찾기 능력에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없었으며, 종속변인 찾기 능력 발달로의 전이의 효과는 없었다. 따라서 이상의 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 과학탐구능력 중의 변인통제 능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 다양한 문제를 해결하도록 하는 활동 못지 않게 한 문제에 대해 깊이 생각해보는 메타전략 활동이 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.119-137
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop a group counseling program to improve the learning habits of the elementary school children who experience difficulties learning, because of their wrong learning habits. To achieve it, the sub-elements of learning habits are set by "learning motive & attitude" and "learning technique" A group counseling program composed of the essential factors suitable for each element are srhseqrently, devised to pursue the improvement of learning habits. The study propositions are set as follows: Can the group counseling program improve the learning habits of elementary school children? 1. Can the group counseling program improve the learning motive and attitude of elementary school children? 2. Can the group counseling program improve the learning technique of elementary school children? The subject of this study is the 4th graders of W elementary school located in Gwangju Metropolitan City. After selecting 12 pupils from low scorers after a learning habits test, Each 6 of those are randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group, respectively. In this way, they are pcrticipate in the group counseling program. The group counseling program is consisted of 10 sessions. The program is implemented for six weeks with a 50 min duration per session. As a measuring tool, a restructured test with only motive variables and technique variables, excluding remaining variables, from the Learning Habits Test by Choi Jong-Ryul (1992) is used for pre and post tests. The results of the study is acquired by integrating the statistics from the test tool. Observation of the counselor and testees' thoughts are as follows: The group counseling program affects the sub-elements of learning habits positively, namely learning motive & attitude and learning technique. The program applied in this study is effective in improving the learning habits of the pupils with lower learning habits. Accordingly, this program can be one of the methods to develop effective learning habits, set efficient strategies and exert abilities maximally for the learners, who did not adequately exert their abilities, due to wrong learning habits, while ineffectively learning without knowing effective learning habits. To improve and maintain the learning habits of the elementary school pupils, overall understanding should be backed in order to precisely analyze and identify the learning habits of the pupils. Besides, an association between schools and homes is also needed along with parents' concerns over their children's learning habits at home.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.481-501
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• 2015

Current design codes and technical recommendations often provide rough indications on how to assess effective stiffness of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) frames subjected to seismic loads, which is a key factor when a linear analysis is performed. The Italian design code (NTC-2008), Eurocode 8 and ACI 318 do not take into account all the structural parameters affecting the effective stiffness and this may not be on the safe side when second-order $P-{\Delta}$ effects may occur. This paper presents a study on the factors influencing the effective stiffness of R/C beams, columns and walls under seismic forces. Five different approaches are adopted and analyzed in order to evaluate the effective stiffness of R/C members, in accordance with the scientific literature and the international design codes. Furthermore, the paper discusses the outcomes of a parametric analysis performed on an actual R/C building and analyses the main variables, namely reinforcement ratio, axial load ratio, concrete compressive strength, and type of shallow beams. The second-order effects are investigated and the resulting displacements related to the Damage Limit State (DLS) under seismic loads are discussed. Although the effective stiffness increases with steel ratio, the analytical results show that the limit of 50% of the initial stiffness turns out to be the upper bound for small values of axial-load ratio, rather than a lower bound as indicated by both Italian NTC-2008 and EC8. As a result, in some cases the current Italian and European provisions tend to underestimate second-order $P-{\Delta}$ effects, when the DLS is investigated under seismic loading.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.100-129
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• 1993

This study is designed to find out some intra-clinic factors affecting the content of practice provided by primary care physicians in Korea, and proposed factors in this study are characteristcs of each private clinc --- physician-related variables(age, sex, specialty), bfed-related variables for inpatient care, laboratory-related variables for precise diagnosis. We have tried to estimate the difference of disease entities cared by each primary care physician according to above factors by analyzin gdisease data claimed during one month(April, 1992) to National Federation of Medical Insurance. The diagnosis codes by ICD-9 in the research disease data were reclassified to 'diagnosis clusters' by virtue of clinical similarities for effective analyses. We have converted frequent-tsing ICD-9 codes to 86 diagnosis clusters, which incorporated 97.4 percents of all ambulatory visits to private clinics. This result means proposed diagnosis-cluster method is effective tool for analysis of the content of ambulatory medical care carried out by primary care physicians. Comparisons and analyses of multiple diagnosis-clusters made on the basis of presented factors were done and the results were as follows; - Major factors affecting the difference between diagnosis-cluster pattern by each variables were phyusician's age, sex, specialty and bed counts of each private clinic for inpatient care and the size of laboratories of each clinic. - Middle aged(30th to 40th) group physicians are providing more comprehensive care than 20th or above 50th aged groups. Male physicians are more adequate for comprehensive care than female physicians, because woman-doctors are providing narrow-spectrum care. The content of practice of obstetricians and gynecologists shows much difference from primary medical practice, and they cannot be included in primary care physician, this study suggested. Pediatricians are also providing short-spectum acre, and nearly all visits to pediatricians were incorporated only 2-3 diagnosis-clusters. General surgeons' practices are very similar to general practioners' or family physicians' practices, the means they are providing primary care rather than special surgical care. And small number of beds(under 5 beds) and only basic(2-3 sorts of)diagnostic apparatuses are sufficient for primary physicians' clinic to carry out primary care. In conclusion, to reinforce primary care department in Korea, there must be support with health policy to expand office-based primary care practice-- with small number of beds for inpatient care and only basic laboratories-- provided by general practitioner of family physician.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2014

최근 곡선교 사용이 증가함에 따라 기존 곡선 교량의 한계점을 극복하고자 PSC 곡선 주형을 이용한 곡선교에 대한 해석적 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 프레임 요소를 이용한 격자해석방법으로는 PSC 곡선교에 대한 정밀해석이 어렵다. 이에 따라 이 연구에서는 PSC 곡선교의 정밀 유한 요소 해석을 실시하여 프리캐스트 PSC 곡선교의 설계를 위한 참고자료로 사용하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 3차원 솔리드 요소를 사용한 모델링을 실시하고, 거더 수, 하중 재하 위치, 단면 변화, 긴장력 변화 및 편긴장력 도입 여부와 같은 매개변수에 대한 거동을 평가하였다. 해석 결과 경간장 50 m 3주형 교량의 항복하중과 파괴 하중이 경간장 40 m 2주형 교량에 비해 200% 이상의 성능을 보였고, 외측거더에 하중을 가하였을 경우 도심의 위치에 따라 하중저항력 및 거더 간의 처짐 편차가 낮게 평가되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 거더 단면을 변화시킨 경우 단면의 증가에 따라 구조성능이 향상되는 것으로 나타났으나 PS도입량의 변화에 의한 효과에 비해 경제성과 시공성에서 불리한 것으로 나타났다. PS 도입량 변화에 따른 영향을 분석한 결과 PS 도입량이 증가함에 따라 솟음량과 하중저항력이 비례하여 증가하였으며 거더 간 처짐 편차가 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 편긴장력을 도입하였을 시 도입량 증가에 비례하여 내외측 거더 모두에서 하중저항력이 증가하며, 특히 외측거더에 편긴장력이 도입되었을 때 더 우수한 성능을 보이는 것으로 나타나, PSC 곡선교의 경제성 및 안정성을 확보하는데 효율적인 것으로 나타났다.