• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2016

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disorder that affects millions of men and considered to be an early symptom of atherosclerosis and a precursor of various systemic vascular disorders. The aim of the present study was to prepare ginsenoside Re enriched fraction (GS-F3K1, ginsenoside Re 10%, w/w) from ginseng berries flesh and to investigate the enhanced activities of GS-F3K1 on alcohol-induced ED. GS-F3K1 was prepared by the continuous liquid and solid separating centrifugation and circulatory ultrafiltration from ginseng berries flesh. GS-F3K1 was administered for 5 weeks in ethanol-induced ED rat by oral administration of 20% ethanol. To investigate the effects of GS-F3K1 on ED model, the levels of nitrite expression, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and erectile response of the penile corpus cavernosum of rat were measured. The erectile response of the corpus cavernosum was restored after GS-F3K1 administration, to a level similar to the normal group. The level of nitrite and cGMP expression in the corpus cavernosum of GS-F3K1-administered male rats was increased significantly compared to positive control group. GS-F3K1 from ginseng berries should effectively restore ethanol-induced ED in male rats and could be developed as a new functional food for the elderly men.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.586-592
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• 2009

Sulgidduk samples containing 2, 4, and 8% red ginseng powder and a control[ED highlight - consider specifying what the control was, if 0%, then change to Sulgidduk samples containing 0(control), 2, 4 and 8%] were examined for moisture content, color, gelatinization properties, textural characteristics, and sensory qualities to determine the optimal ratio of red ginseng powder in the formulation. The moisture contents among the samples did not differ significantly. Specifically, they ranged from 39.64 to 40.69%, and increased as the red ginseng powder content increased. Additionally, the lightness decreased and the yellowness and redness increased as the red ginseng powder content increased. Evaluation of the gelatinization properties revealed that the, peak viscosity(P), hold viscosity(H), final viscosity(F), setback, and time to peak viscosity decreased with increasing red ginseng powder content, but the breakdown and temperature to peak viscosity did not differ significantly among samples[ED highlight - please ensure my changes are correct]. The hardness and adhesiveness decreased with increasing red ginseng powder content, as did the cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness; however, the springiness did not differ significantly among samples. Sulgidduk containing 4% red ginseng received the highest scores for flavor, taste, texture and overallquality. Based on the above results of the sensory and texture analyses, Sulgidduk containing 4% red ginseng had the highest quality[ED highlight - please ensure my changes are correct].

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.1 s.53
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• pp.38-43
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• 1999

Ginseng total saponins (ginsenosides) are biologically active main ingredients of Panax ginseng. In present study, we have investigated whether pretreatment of ginsenosides inhibited capsaicin-induced pain at the spinal level, in the view that capsaicin causes substance P (SP) release from primary afferents. Ginsenosides relieved capsaicin-induced pain in a dose-dependent manner. The $ED_{50}$ of the effect was 43 (20-93, $95\%$ C.I.) ${\mu}g/mouse$. We investigated excitatory amino acids-induced nociceptive responses in mice, because these agents are also involved in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Coadministration of ginsenosides with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or kainate via i.t. inhibited NMDA- but not kainate-induced pain behaviors. The $ED_{50}$ for the inhibition of NMDA-induced pain by ginsenosides was 37 (21-66, $95\%$ C.I.) ${\mu}g/mouse$. These results suggest that the ginsenosides-induced antinociception results from blocking of pain transmitter-induced nociceptive information at the spinal level.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2007

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1982

In order to obtain anticancer substances from natural products, extracts of dry herbs, which have long been used to treat cancer or canter-like diseases in oriental countries, were screened. Extracts were made with hot water and/or organic solvents. With the extracts we treated murine leukemic L1210 cells growing in Fischer's medium. After 48 hours of incubation, cells were counted and concentrations of dry extracts to achieve 50 percent inhibition of the control growth, ED$_{50}$ values, were determined. Among the 38 species of medicinal plants tested, water extracts of six species showed ED$_{50}$ values of substantially low. Further extraction with organic solvents could reduce their ED$_{50}$ values within the range of the NCI quality control limit. The promising species as potential sources of anti-cancer substances included Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus trifoliata, Coptis japonica, Panax ginseng, Phellodendron amurense, and Scutellaria baikalensis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 1989

A new polyyne, panaxyne, was isolated from the Korean red ginseng. The structure was determined as tetradeca-13-ene-1, 3-diyne-6, 7-diol by comparison of spectral data. The $ED_{50}\;value$ of panaxyne as cytotoxicity against L1210 cell was $11.0\;{\mu}g/ml$. The lower cytotoxic activity of the substance relative to other ginseng polyynes is presumably due to lack of the essential structural part of hept-1-en-4, 6-diyne-3-ol.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2000

In previous studies we have demonstrated that several individual ginsenosides such as Rc, Rd, Re and Ri relieves formalin-induced pain following systemic treatment. But it is unknown where these single ginsenosides induce antinociception. We investigated the antinoiceptive effect of four individual ginsenosides on formalin-induced pain after intrathecal (i.t.), intracereventricular (i.c.v.), or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration using mice. We found that ginsenoside Rc, Rd, and Re except Rf attenuated both acute and tonic phase of pain. Ginsenoside Rf attenuated only tonic phase of pain after i.t. administration. The ED$\_$50/ was 1.0 (0.55∼l.75 mg/kg) for Rc, 1.15 (0.6∼2.25 mg/kg) for Rd, and 8.9 (3.9∼20.5 mg/kg) for Re in acute phase of pain. The ED$\_$50/ was 0.3 (0.1∼0.85 mg/kg) for Rc, 0.6 (0.35∼l.1 mg/kg) for Rd, 2.45 (1.25∼4.65 mg/kg) for Re, and 1.9 (1.5∼4.25 mg/kg) for Rf in tonic phase of pain. We also found that ginsenoside Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf after i.c.v. administration attenuated both acute and tonic phase of pain. The ED5o for acute phase of pain was 0.9 (0.55∼l.4mg/kg) for Rc, 0.9 (0.45∼1.7 mg/kg) for Rd, 0.93 (0.5∼l .75 mg/kg) for Re, and 1.85 (0.95∼3.5 mg/kg) for Rf. The ED$\_$50/ for tonic phase of pain was 0.7 (0.45∼1.05 mg/kg) for Rc,1.25 (0.7∼2.2 mg/kg) for Rd, 0.85 (0.45∼1.6 mg/kg) for Re, and 0.8 (0.4∼1.45 mg/kg) for Rf. Thus, the order of the analgesic potency was Rc$\geq$Rd>Re>Rf in both i.t. and i.c.v. administration routes. However, s.c. pretreatment of four ginsenosides did not reduce formalin-induced pain. These results suggest that analgesic effect of ginsenosides is achieved through spinal or supraspinal site(s) in formalin test.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 1989

A new polyacetylene compound which has strong cytotoxic activity against L1210 cell, was isolated from Korean ginseng roots. The structure was determined to be heptadeca-1-ene-4,6-diyne-3,9-diol-10-acetate (10-acetyl panaxytriol, $ED_{50}\;=\;1.2\;{\mu}g/ml$). The cytotoxicities of this compound and acetyl panaxydol lower than their starting substances, panaxytriol and panaxydol. The presence of one for the decreases in the cytotoxicities.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1994

Surveys were conducted in 66 ginseng fields damaged by insect and other an~mal pests from 1984 to 1993. Holohichio rnoroso, Holotrichio dromphalio, Holotrichia titonis Malodera orientaliq Ectinus sericeus, Gyllotalpa ofricana, Teleog~iluse mmo, Ostrinio furnacoii* Agrotis tokionis, Marnestro brassicae, Hydrellia griseolo, unidentified stem maggo$, Pseudococcus comstocki (13 species of insects). Deroceras uarions (slug), Acusta despecta sieboldiona (snail), probably two species of rats. and pheasant species were ascertained to damage ginseng plants M them, Holotrich~a morosa, Holotrichia diomphalia, Gryliotaipo africanq Deroceras uarions, Acusto despech siebaldiano showed higher frequencies. Underground (root) damage occul~ed mainly in spring penod (MayJune) and fall period (September-Odober) in 2-year-old glnseng fields at slopes, and aboveground (leaf and stem) damage occurred mainly in spring period in 3 or more-year-old ginseng iields mulched with rice straws at plains. Three ginseng fields were abolished due to heavy underground damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 1995

The effect of long-term ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) administration on the clearance of carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) and the property of blood gases was investigated in rats. Rats were received ginseng water extract (0.025% in drinking water) for 42 weeks starting at the age of 6 weeks. They were exposed to the diluted mainstream smoke generated from 15 filter cigarettes for 20 min in a round polycarbonate chamber (D37 cmXH13 cm). Under this condition, the mean CO-Hb content of control and the ginseng-treated rats immediately after the exposure was nearly the same as 13.8$\pm$2.9 f) and 13.9$\pm$1.6%, respectively. However, CO-Hb was more rapidly removed from blood in the ginseng treated rats than in untreatEd control with the laps of time, namely, its biological half life In the former was 36.9$\pm$1.5 min and in the latter was 56.9$\pm$13.2 min. Although long-term ginseng treatment did not affect the content of hemoglobin and blood pH of rats, it slightly increased blood oxygen content and its partial pressure value, and decreased levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. These results suggest that long-term administration of rats with ginseng extract accelerate the elimination of CO from the blood. This effect seems to be related to the enhancement of oxygen consumption of the rat by a certain action of ginseng components as previously reported.