• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-72
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• 2018

Organic agriculture seeks sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on circulating agriculture of a family farm unit. However, as of the end of 2016, only 33 out of the total organic farming farms were implementing Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming. The reason seems to be a matter of income after all. The optimal size combination refers to the scale by which family farms can maintain their quality of life while engaging in farming activities. In other words. it is a farm scale that maintains optimal income through stable labor costs. In the meantime, there has been no previous study on the optimal economical combination of Crop-Livestock cycling farming. Choi (2016) analyzed whether the economies of scope (EOS) were realized in the combined production by using the management data of the farmers who practiced Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming for four years. As a result, it has been revealed that the EOS measurement value is 0 or more so the economies of scope are being realized. Therefore, the purpose of this empirical analysis is to identify farm incomes under this circumstance. It is assumed that the optimum production is achieved by balancing the total income curve and the total cost curve in the optimal scale production range. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the income after the conversion to Crop-Livestock cycling farming was 44,789,280 won, the sum of the seedling-livestock sector, which was 17,873,120 won higher when the non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming was assumed. The same is true for 2014 and 2015. The reason for this is that pig droppings were composted from organic seedlings, and the cost of selling pork was 150,000 won/per pig more expensive even though the manufacturing cost of organic feeds was higher than the purchasing cost. Secondly, this study simulated the result that the economic index varies when the farm size combination is changed by the farm size of 100% standard (S100) as of 2014. S130 is the increase in size from 100% of 2014, whereas S30 is the result of 3ha crop and 66 livestock (pigs). As a result of this simulation, Crop-Livestock cycling farming income decreased more than non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming as the farm size decreased, whereas the income decreased as the farm size increased. When the size was reduced below S50, the income tended to decrease. In this situation, EOS changed in the same direction. The results showed that when the farming size was reorganized and reduced to 50% compared to 2014, the income and income difference was the highest. At the same time, economies of scope (EOS) were the highest at 0.12985. In other words, it was found that the income of farm houses in a family farm unit sector was the best in the combination of 1.5ha crop agriculture and 110 livestock (pigs).

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

The aim of the study is to assess the asymmetry of influence of factors of economic growth of national economies, which are included in the integration. Unlike previous research, the scientific significance of the obtained results consists in the use of a new method of study - external demand as a factor of economic growth, disaggregated into two components. The first is net exports mutual trade in goods within integration associations. The second is net exports of foreign trade in goods outside the integration. By use of these methods we have evaluated the contribution of these factors on economic growth of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space (CU/CES), as well as Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. In the conducted analysis of scientific research was based on the fact that the economies of the member (CU/CES) are very different in scale, economic potential and volume of foreign trade. Based on this research we conclude: integration is developing successfully and efficiently only with the rise of the national economies of the member countries; to enhance economic growth and competitiveness of the countries of the Eurasian integration it is necessary to increase the volume of mutual trade of member countries of this integration.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.581-589
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• 2013

Generally, Sewage Treatment Plants(STPs) are complexes systems in which a range of physical, chemical and biological processes occur. However, their performance strongly depends on the know-how acquired by the field-engineer. Recently, in order to solve this situations, various operation and management technologies based on the Instrumentation, Control and Automation(ICA) have been developed. As a economies-environmental affect point of view, this study was for the performance evaluation and assessment of results from the Smart Operation System(SOS) in full-scale STP. The SOS in STP consisted of the process monitoring module, including real-time influent prediction and effluent simulation, and the Smart Air Control(SAC) module. According to the results from field test for 2 years, the results of economical evaluation, amount of benefits and cost saving by the SOS have shown to be much higher than that of traditional operation. Nevertheless, the removal load(kg/yr) of BOD 13.3 %, COD 28.2 %, TN 44.4 % and TP 20.8 % were increased, respectively. Remarkable improvement of removal load could be achieved after the SOS was adapted. It was concerned that the SOS offer a user friendly functionalities and cost saving needed by the field-engineers. In addition, it was expected that the results of this study would supply helpful information for design and cost saving for the SOS in full-scale STP.

• 대한지리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한지리학회 2003년도 추계학회술표회 논문집
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• pp.106-114
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• 2003

The globalisation of software production processes is a maze of connected phenomena with dramatically increasing importance as the development of W related industries and services escalates on a global scale. While commercial and industrial software production and related services are historically associated with advanced industrial economies of the North & West, contemporary changes of the past decade suggest that the industry is developing rapidly on a global scale incorporating countries that have historically been classified as '2nd and 3rd world' or periphery and semi-periphery by different theoretical approaches. (omitted)

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2006

본 연구는 한국과 일본의 철도업체를 노동, 동력, 유지보수, 그리고 차량 및 자본의 네 가지 생산요소를 투입하여 신칸센 인키로. 일반여객 인키론 톤키로의 세 가지 산출물을 생산하는 기업형태로 상정하여 일반초월대수 함수형태의 총비용함수모형을 설정하였다. 이때 네트워크효과를 나타내는 궤도연장, 한국과 일본의 비용구조 차이를 반영하는 국가더미변수, 소유구조에 따른 차이를 반영하는 민영화더미변수, 그리고 생산성 증가율을 분석하기 위한 시간변수를 함께 포함시켰다. 총비용함수모형은 철도청에 대한 27개 연도별 자료$(1977{\sim}2003)$. 일본국철(JNR, Japan National Railways)에 대한 8개 연도별 자료$(1977{\sim}1984)$. 그리고 7개 일본철도주식회사(JR's Japan Railways)에 대한 17개 연도별 자료 $(1987{\sim}2003)$를 결합한 총 154개의 불균형통합자료를 이용해 반복결합일반화 최소자승 법으로 추정하였다. 일반초월대수 총비용함수모형의 추정결과로부터 밀도, 규모 및 범위의 경제성 지수를 각각 산정한 결과 한국과 일본의 철도산업은 표본평균값에서 신칸센, 일반여객과 화물운송부문별로 각각 산출물별 밀도의 경제 및 전반적인 밀도의 경제가 존재하고, 산출물별 규모의 불경제가 존재하나 신칸센/일반여객과 화물을 제외한 일반여객/신칸센과 화물, 그리고 화물/신칸센과 일반여객 운송부문간에 범위의 경제가 존재하여 전반적으로는 다소 적은 규모의 경제가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. KNR과 일본의 JR동일본. JR동해, JR서일본의 $1990{\sim}2003$년에 해당하는 각 업체별 평균값에서 밀도와 규모의 경제성 지수를 각각 산정한 결과 표본평균값에서 산정한 값과 비슷한 경향을 나타내었으나, 범위의 경제성 지수의 경우 JR 동해는 신칸센과 일반여객운송부문간 범위의 경제가 존재하지만 JR 동일본과 JR서일본의 경우 범위의 불경제가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 생산성 증가율은 전반적으로 민영업체인 JR's의 생산성 증가율이 국영업체인 KNR보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.1053-1064
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• 2020

This study aims to determine the perceptions of Islamic Financial Cooperative (BMT) managers in the Indonesian BMT Association on the acceptance of core banking technology. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used because it has simple theoretical characteristics (parsimony) and is supported by data (verifiability). This study develops the TAM model by integrating new variables -perceptions of maqashid sharia, perceptions of economies of scale, perceptions of market structure, and perceptions of technology procurement costs. These new variables are used to measure intention in using technology and actual usage in BMT operations. This study used PLS-SEM with smartPLS 3. The study was conducted in Central Java in six ex-Residency at 35 BMT with 300 respondents consisting of six levels of position level. The research found that maqashid sharia and market structure directly influenced the intention of BMT managers in using core banking technology. This new finding strengthens a theoretical model regarding the role of maqashid sharia in the acceptance of information technology in BMT. In addition, the perception of economies of scale has no significant effect on intention in using technology or its actual usage. The perception variable of technology procurement costs was found to have no significant effect on intention in using technology.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.528-538
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• 2019

The transition from "More-of-Less" markets (economies of scale) to "Less-of-More" markets (economies of scope) is supported by advances of disruptive manufacturing and reconfigurable-supply-chain management technologies. With the prevalence of cyber-physical manufacturing systems, additive manufacturing technology is of great impact on industry, the economy, and society. Traditionally, backbone structures are built via bottom-up manufacturing with either pre-fabricated building blocks such as bricks or with layer-by-layer concrete casting such as climbing form-work casting. In both cases, the design selection is limited by form-work design and cost. Accordingly, the tool-less building of architecture with high design freedom is attractive. In the present study, we review the technological trends of additive manufacturing for construction-scale additive manufacturing in particular. The rapid tooling of patterns or molds and rapid manufacturing of construction parts or whole structures is extensively explored through uncertainties from technology. The future regulation still has drawbacks in the adoption of additive manufacturing in construction industries.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.327-338
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• 2003

산업클러스터는 원래 소규모 지역범위에서 기업, 대학, 연구소 등이 밀접한 네트워킹을 가지면서 집적의 경제를 발생시키는 곳이라는 개념으로 시작되었다. 그러나 최근에는 행정구역을 초월한 협력 또는 클러스터간의 협력이 이루어지면서 광역클러스터의 개념이 등장하게 되었으며, 이를 육성하기 위한 정책수단이 마련되기에 이르렀다. 이 연구에서는 광역클러스터 개념 도입의 필요성을 지리적 범위의 유연성, 기능의 상호보완가능성 및 지역간 협력, 비용절감 및 생산성 확대의 효율성, 클러스터의 발전단계의 각 측면에서 살펴보고, 광역클러스터의 개념을 어떻게 정립하고 한국적 맥락에서 광역클러스터 정책을 어떻게 적용할 것인지를 논의한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2020

In this paper we explore the two analyses to know the urbanization effect on trade. First, the granger causality test to examine the relationship between trade and urbanization. The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful for forecasting another. The results indicated that the existence of a bidirectional causality running from trade to urbanization when six lags were applied. When eight lags were applied, we found unidirectional causality running from urbanization to trade. Second, gravity models were used to investigate the urbanization effect on trade. The production cost and specification are affected by the economies of scale, and the economies of scale increased as the greater geographically agglomeration. However, the gravity model to explain the bilateral trade flows ignores the urbanization variables. Therefore we added the urbanization variable represented as the geographically agglomeration into gravity model. The results show that the degree of urbanization of both countries has statistically positive effect on trade (export and import) and the bigger coefficients of trade partner's urbanization. The reason is that the trade share of industrial supplies, intermediate goods and capital goods is much higher than finished consumer goods. The urbanization is more important the improved the efficiency of production than demand market.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The study provides new empirical evidence on the level of profit efficiency and returns to scale of the Bangladesh banking sector. We employ the Slack-Based Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) method to assess the level of profit efficiency of individual banks over the years 2004 to 2011. The empirical findings indicate that the Bangladesh banking sector has exhibited the highest and lowest level of profit efficiency during years 2004 and 2011 respectively. We find that only eight banks have been profit efficient throughout the period under study. The empirical findings seem to suggest that most of the Bangladesh banks have been experiencing economies of scale due to being at less than the optimum size, or diseconomies of scale due to being at more than the optimum size. Thus, decreasing or increasing the scale of production could result in cost savings or efficiencies.