• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.917-937
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• 2015

During a seismic event, a considerable amount of energy is input into a structure. The law of energy conservation imposes the restriction that energy must either be absorbed or dissipated by the structure. Recent earthquakes have shown that the use of concentric bracing system with their low ductility and low energy dissipation capacity, causes permanent damage to structures during intense earthquakes. Hence, engineers are looking at bracing system with higher ductility, such as chevron and eccentric braces. However, braced frame would not be easily repaired if serious damage has occured during a strong earthquake. In order to solve this problem, a new bracing system an off-centre bracing system with higher ductility and higher energy dissipation capacity, is considered. In this paper, some numerical studies have been performed using ANSYS software on a frame with off-centre bracing system with optimum eccentricity and circular element created, called OBS_C_O model. In addition, other steel frame with diagonal bracing system and the same circular element is created, called DBS_C model. Furthermore, linear and nonlinear behavior of these steel frames are compared in order to introduce a new way of optimum performance for these dissipating elements. The obtained results revealed that using a ductile element or circular dissipater for increasing the ductility of off-centre bracing system and centric bracing system is useful. Finally, higher ductility and more energy dissipation led to more appropriate behavior in the OBS_C_O model compared to DBS_C model.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1999

In this paper all the photoelectric times of minimum for the triple star SW Lyn have been analyzed in terms of light-time effect due to the third-body and secular period decreases induced by mass transfer process. The light-time orbit determined recently by Ogloza et al.(1998) were modified and improved. And it is found that the orbital period of SW Lyn have been decreasing secularly. The third-body revolves around the mass center of triple stars every $5^y.77$ in a highly eccentric elliptical orbit(e=0.61). The third-body with a minimum mass of $1.13M_{odot}$ may be a binary or a white dwarf. The rate of secular period-decrease were obtained as ${Delta}P/P=-12.45{ imes}10^{-11}$, implying the mass-transfer from the massive primary star to the secondary. The mass losing rate from the primary were calculated as about $1.24{ imes}10^{-8}M_{odot}/y$. It is noticed that the mass-transfer in SW Lyn system is opposite in direction to that deduced from it's Roche geometry by previous investigators.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.480-488
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• 2008

Orthodontists often treat cases which are difficult to treat with conventional orthodontics. In such cases, it could be treated with surgical procedures with the help of an oral surgeon. Especially, transverse deficiency of the mandible can be corrected by widening the transverse width of mandibular symphysis, using distraction osteogenesis. Transverse widening of mandibular sympysis is known as a safe treatment but still complications could occur during the treatment. We are reporting some complications of cases that mandibular symphysis transverse widening were applied. Some cases showed complications because of the inappropriate osteotomy line. Since straight vertical osteotomy line was inclined to the left, only the left bony segment was likely to expand. According to bio-mechanical considerations, it will be better to perform a step osteotomy, cutting the eccentric area of the alveolar crest and the centric area of the basal symphyseal area. Complications could also occur by the failure of the distraction device. The tooth borne distraction device was attached on the lingual side of the tooth with composite resin. During the distraction period, it was impossible to obtain appropriate distraction speed and rhythm because of frequent fall off of the distraction device. Therefore, distraction device should be attached firmly with orthodontic band or bone screw, etc. Tooth mobility increasement could also occur as a complication. 'Walking teeth phenomenon' was observed during the distraction period, showing severe teeth mobility and pain during mastication. These symptoms fade out during the consolidation period. Since the patient could feel insecure and uncomfortable, it should be notified to the patient before the procedure. Finally, alveolar crestal bone loss could occur. Alveolar crestal bone loss occurred because of lack of distraction device firmness and teeth trauma caused by lower lip biting habit. Therefore, adequate firmness of the distraction device and habit control will be needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2019

Background: Patellofemoral pain is one of the common diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Many previous studies have recommended the application of exercise therapy to patellofemoral pain patients for treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of coordinative locomotor training (CLT) and sling exercise combined program on knee pain and functional movement in patellofemoral pain patient. Methods: In this study, single-subject design (A-B-A') was conducted for 6 weeks. A repeted-measure analysis was conducted to assess results of the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS), Clarke's test (CT), eccentric step down test (ESDT). During the intervention (B), the CLT and sling exercise combined program was conducted three times a week for 4 weeks. Results: From baseline period A to intervention period B, the AKPS, CT, ESDT were improved from 61 to 48 (27%), from 8.33 to 3 (64%), from 7.67 to 3,58 (53%). From baseline period A to baseline period A', the AKPS, CT, ESDT were improved from 70.67 to 48 (47%), from 0.67 to 3 (92%), from 1.33 to 3,58 (83%). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we recommend the application of CLT and sling exercise combined program to improve the pain and functional movement in patellofemoral pain patients.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3 s.43
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• pp.23-32
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• 2005

Torsional behavior of eccentric structure under seismic leading may cause the stress and/or deformation concentration, which arouse the failure of the structure in an unexpected manner. This study suggests D-R relationship which shows the overall displacement and rotation of the system based on the ultimate displacement capacity of the each lateral load resistant member. Using the suggested D-R relationship and displacement spectrum, the seismic assessment is conducted and verified in comparison with the time history analysis result. Multi-level seismic assessment Is considered which takes multiple seismic hazard levels and respective performance levels into account. Finally, based on the seismic assessment result, seismic rehabilitation process is presented. In this research, two rehabilitation methods are considered. One is done by means of stiffening/strengthening the seismic resistant members, and the other is based on the member ductility. Especially, in the first method, to optimize the rehabilitation result, the rehabilitation problem is modeled as an optimization problem, and solved using BFGS quasi-Newton optimization method.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2000

Despite research to treat delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), no effective treatment has been reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a hold-relax technique and cryotherapy on DOMS. Thirty-three subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: control, hold-relax technique, or hold-relax technique and cryotherapy. DOMS was induced in the non-dominant biceps muscle through repeated eccentric contractions. Resting elbow joint position, flexion and extension (universal goniometer), pain (Visual Analogue Scale; VAS), and WBC count (blood analysis) were measured one hour before DOMS was induced and 24, 48, and 72 hours after DOMS was induced. The data were analyzed by repeated measure of two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to a resting elbow joint position, there were significant differences over time, especially at 24, 48 hours after DOMS was induced compared with resting elbow joint position before DOMS was induced. 2) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to range of flexion, there were significant differences between range of flexion before DOMS was induced and range of flexion 72 hours after DOMS was induced. 3) There were no significant differences between groups or over time in relation to range of extension. 4) While analysis showed no significant differences between groups in relation to VAS, there were significant differences over time in different hours. 5) There were no significant differences between groups or over time in relation to WBC count. 6) There were no interactions between groups or over time in all variables. This results suggested that hold-relax technique and cryotherapy were not effective to reduce DOMS.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.949-960
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• 2002

Flat plate structures under lateral load are susceptible to punching shear failure of the slab-column connection. To prevent such brittle failure, strength and ductility of the connection should be ensured. However, due to complexity in the behavior and difficulty in simulating the actual load and boundary conditions of the flat plate system, it is not easy to obtain reliable data regarding to the strength and ductility from the previous experimental studies. In the present study, a numerical study was performed for interior connections of continuous flat plate. For the purpose, a computer program for nonlinear FE analyses was developed, and the validity was verified by comparisons with the existing experimental results. Through the parametric studies, the variations of bending moment, shear, and torsional moment around the connection were investigated. Based on the findings of the numerical studies, the aspects which need to be improved in current design methods were discussed. The results of the present study will be used for developing a design method for the flat plate-column connection in the companion paper.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.4 s.47
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• pp.759-772
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• 1994

Orthodontists have experienced the treatment of cases with three lower incisors. Occasionally a lower incisor was either congenitally missing or so seriously damaged by injury or disease that its removal presented the best prospect for the patient. Sometimes the intentional extraction of a lower incisor is needed to produce enhanced functional and esthetic results with minimal orthodontic manipulation. Such cases have unfavorable anterior tooth size discrepancies and present difficulties in achieving good occlusal results. However such difficulties can be overcome by the sensible diagnosis and treatment plan. Three different cases are presented and the conclusions are listed. 1. It is important for orthodontist who tries to treat three lower incisor cases to measure and calculate accurately the degree of deviation of tooth size and morphology and the anterior tooth size ratio. 2. A diagnostic setup model should be made to determine whether the incisor extraction is appropriate and space closure is needed or not. It is the best way to be sure that the occlusal results, including overbite and overjet, will be acceptable and how far the degree of midline deviation is. It also shows the amount of interproximal reduction to achieve an acceptable occlusal result. 3. The class I relationship between the upper canine and the lower one must be obtained to establish the canine rise during eccentric movement by the concept of mutually protective occlusion. It also helps to maintain the stable occlusal result.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.678-683
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• 2016

The study aim was to investigate a comparison of muscle activity fatigue between maximal and submaximal strength gains during the bench press in men. It was hypothesized that maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) would similar gains between maximal and submaximal strength gains during the bench press, but median frequency (MDF) would increase in maximal compared with submaximal exercise. Employing a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, 12 men were asked to perform maximal repetitions and submaximal repetitions (concentric: 1-s, eccentric: 1-s, 2-s/repetition) to failure with a load of 85% of 1RM for the bench press, with a 3-minute recovery between the sets. Each subject was tested for the number of repetitions and sets, total work in bench press. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the pectoralis major, deltoid anterior, and triceps brachii for %MVC and MDF. Total work was significantly higher in the submaximal repetition exercise than that the maximal repetition exercise (p<.05). Muscle fatigue of pectoralis major, deltoid anterior and triceps brachii were significantly smaller in the submaximnal repetition exercise than that the maximal repetition exercise (p<.05, respectively). However, muscle activity of pectoralis major, deltoid anterior, and triceps brachii were not significantly different between exercises. Our study showed that a smaller muscle fatigue in submaximal repetitions, despite higher in total work and a similar in muscle activity were observed. These results suggest that submaximal repetitions during the bench press would be enhanced intensity and/or volume compared with maximal repetitions exercise.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2017

PURPOSE. This study aims to investigate the effects of four different lateral occlusion schemes and different excursions on peri-implant strains of a maxillary canine implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four metal crowns with different occlusion schemes were attached to an implant in the maxillary canine region of a resin model. The included schemes were canine-guided (CG) occlusion, group function (GF) occlusion, long centric (LC) occlusion, and implant-protected (IP) occlusion. Each crown was loaded in three sites that correspond to maximal intercuspation (MI), 1 mm excursion, and 2 mm excursion. A load of 140 N was applied on each site and was repeated 10 times. The peri-implant strain was recorded by a rosette strain gauge that was attached on the resin model buccal to the implant. For each loading condition, the maximum shear strain value was calculated. RESULTS. The different schemes and excursive positions had impact on the peri-implant strains. At MI and 1 mm positions, the GF had the least strains, followed by IP, CG, and LC. At 2 mm, the least strains were associated with GF, followed by CG, LC, and IP. However, regardless of the occlusion scheme, as the excursion increases, a linear increase of peri-implant strains was detected. CONCLUSION. The peri-implant strain is susceptible to occlusal factors. The eccentric location appears to be more influential on peri-implant strains than the occlusion scheme. Therefore, adopting an occlusion scheme that can reduce the occurrence of occlusal contacts laterally may be beneficial in reducing peri-implant strains.