• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.159-179
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• 1974

In order to investigate morphological and cultural characteristics of strains in species, Flammulina velutipes, the author collected isolates of Flammultina velutipes at 49 locations in Korea and cultivated these isolates on the various kinds of solid media. After investigating the cultural characteristics, appeared on the various media, he obtained the following results : 1. The variation of colors in the fruit bodies is connected with the variation of climatic environments(composite effects between mean temperature in January and number of rain days of 1mm and over precipitation). The author, therfore, can find out the trend that brown type is distributed in the midland climatic region and yellow type in the southern climatic regoin. 2. Two types can be classified into several strains respectively : the strain of abundant or insufficient productivity, and strain of selectivity or non-selectivity of media. 3. According to the results of mutual comparison of soluble mycelial proteins by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels, each type has special common protein fractions(brown type : band located at 26..5mm position from surface of gel, yellow type : band located at 24.5mm position from surface of gel), and each strain has special protein fractions too. Therefore this phenomenon seems to support the results obtained by the above-stated morphological and cultural studies. 4. In the adaptability of strains to the temperature, every strain has the nature of growing in lower temperature(the optimum temperature of 20.deg.C to 25.deg.C) except that YI-1 strain has the optimum temperatue of $25^{\circ}C$-26^{\circ}C. And mycelial growth of every strain is discontinued at $35^{\circ}C.$ 5. In the adaptability of strains to the H-ion concentration, every strain has wide adaptable range of H-ion concentration, and has optimum range of pH 5.5 to 6.6 in mycelial growth excepting YA01, BI-2 and YI-1. 6. In the utility of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of every strain is very poor on the media containing xylose(average diameter of mycelial growth : 18mm), and most strains utilize favorably sucrose(39mm), maltose(37mm) and dextrose(35mm) in mycelial growth. In the utility of nitrogen sources, every strain utilizes favorably organic nitrogens(36 mm)more than inorganic nitrogens (25 mm), and utilizes fully peptone nad asparagine in organic nitrogens. Especially BA-1, BIK-2 and YA-1 strains grow vigorously on each media containing various carbon and nitrogen sources. 7. The characteristic tests of the number of days required for mycelial growth, the number of days requried for sprout of young bodies, the length of stipe and the number of fruit bodies formation seem to be useful methods in the early selection of the strain of the abundant productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2014

This study deals with red tide detection by using the remote sensing imagery from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), the world's first geostationary orbit satellite, around the southern coast of Korea where the most severe red tide occurred recently. The red tide zone was determined by the available data selection from the GOCI imagery during the period of red tide occurrence and also the severe red tide zone was detected through the spatial analysis by temporal change out of the red tide zone. This study results showed that the coast in the vicinity of the Hansan and Yokji in Tongyeong-si was classified into the severe red tide zone, and that the red tide was likely to spread from the coast of Hansan and Yokji to the one of Sanyang-eub. In addition, the comparative analysis between the area of red tide occurrence, the prevention activities of Gyeongsangnam-do provincial government and the amount of the damage cost over time showed close correlation among them. It is still early to conclude that the study is showing the severe red tide zone and the spread path exactly due to various factors for red tide occurrence and activities. In order to improve the reliability of the results, the more data analysis is required.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2011

A scissors bite in the posterior teeth occurs when the upper teeth are positioned totally buccal to the lower teeth in centric occlusion, either unilaterally or bilaterally. This malocclusion can result from either excessive width of the maxilla or deficient width of the mandible, or sometimes combination of the both. Scissors bite, when left untreated without a proper dental intervention, interferes with the normal mandibular growth leading to a state where consequent disharmony in dental arch width evokes occlusal disturbances. Therefore, early preventive orthodontic treatment is necessary in patients with scissors bite. Scissors bite rarely involves anterior and posterior sites concuttently across the dental arch but usually affect single tooth. Even in the single tooth scissors bite cases, more likely to be met in the clinical fields, immediate dental intervention is indicated because continuous occlusal forces that exacerbate the already adverse axis of the posterior teeth. In this case study, patients with single tooth scissors bite, each 7, 14, 12, and 16 years old, were each treated with criss-cross elastic, fixed appliance, removable appliance, and miniscrews. With the proper selection of appliances appropriate to each specific cases, good treatment outcome can be achieved without resulting any side effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.689-695
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• 2004

This study was investigate the occurrence of bottom rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani at the crisphead lettuce fields in Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do from November to December in 2003. Incidence of bottom rot on crisphead lettuce was up to 5.3% at the six plastic houses. A total of 30 isolates of R. solani were obtained from diseased leaves of plants and were tested by artificial inoculation to the host. Among them, PY-1 isolate was selected showing highly virulent on the whole plant and was identified as R. solani AG1 (IB) based on the anastomosis test, morphological and cultural characteristics. Symptoms of bottom rot by PY-1 isolate produced small dark brown, depressed and elliptical spots on the lower part of leaves in the early stage as same as at the fields, were enlarged onto the upper part of leaves later, and the infected plant wilted and ultimately died in the end. For the pathogenicity test, triturated mycelia-inoculum (A$_{550}$=1.0) of PY-1 isolate was selected the most effective inoculum showing disease incidence of 51.1% for the mycelial inoculation at pot assay. Otherwise, WSRP media-inoculum (wheat brane ： sawdust ： rice brane ： PDB media=30 g ： 10 g ： 10 g ： 100 ml, w/w/w/v) of PY-1 isolate was effectual inoculum showing disease incidence of 61.6% for soil inoculation at the plastic house. Also, in selection of density and amount of inoculum, most suitable density of triturated mycelia-inoculum and amount of WSRP media- inoculum were determined as $A_{550}$=1.0 and 40 ml, respectively. This is the first report on the pathogenicity test using by WSRP media-inoculum of R. solani PY-1 isolate for the bottom rot of crisphead lettuce.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.502-508
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methods of identifying zygotic seedlings of crosses between 'Morita unshiu' (Citrus. unshiu Marc.) and 'Ponkan' (C. reticulata Blanco). In order to investigate the frequency and position of zygotic seedlings and to determine the efficiency of zygotic seedling identification, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) were performed using UBC (9, 27, 229, 230, and 254) primers and F4/R27, F7/R14, F12/R10, and F44/R62 primer sets, respectively. A total of 37 putative zygotic seedlings out of 55 individuals were selected by RAPD and SRAP. The F7/R14 primer pair showed a screening ability of 45.5% (25/55), whereas the primer UBC27 revealed the highest efficiency of zygotic seedling identification (50.9%, 28/55). When both UBC27 and F7/R14 were properly used for selection of hybridized seedlings of 'Morita unshiu' (C. unshiu Marc.) and 'Ponkan' (C. reticulata Blanco), screening efficiency was increased to 60% (33/55) for putative zygotic seedlings. Thus, it is possible to select putative hybrid zygotic seedlings in an accurate and effective manner by RAPD and SRAP.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

The number of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) suddenly increased at ginseng fields in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do from mid July to early August. By the late of September just before digging up the roots of ginseng, more than 8 individuals of the comstock mealybug per plant were occurred and evenly dispersed around the roots. Through the bioassay in the laboratory, six environmental friendly agricultural materials (for example, Nobug, Kkagsami, GB-1, GB-2, GB-3, GB-5) containing sophora extract or paraffin oil as main components were selected by the effective control agents for controlling the comstock mealybug. These selected agents showed a quite similar insecticidal activities to 2 insecticides such as clothianidin and thiamethoxam registered in control of ginseng insect pests. Also. in the ginseng field test, the agent containing sophora extract and paraffin oil, like 2 insecticides showed high control effects against the comstock mealybug.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.191-203
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• 2018

Identify the effects of ISO quality management system on the durability of the enterprise by applying it to early startups and small - and medium-sized enterprises. In particular, the quality management system of a technology start-up small and medium sized companies is important in applying the management system to the financial, management and quality control services rather than to research and development. The quality management system is applied to the medical equipment manufacturers, mobile phone brokers, foreign Chinese companies, and components manufacturers for diesel engines.Try it. Check the case where the quality management system has been applied to the company concerned and the nonconformities have been improved. In addition, the success of the project was determined by applying the quality control system to maintain the stability and perpetuation of the company through the case of the failed selection. The company explains that recently, it must appoint internal auditors to carry out continuous improvement activities and that those who want the development and continuity of the company must reflect the quality management system.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.407-436
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• 2013

This study, based on understanding the play features of the participants, explores early children's peer-relation strategies of maintaining and altering play frame and understanding the meaning of the strategies. Free play of 5-year-old children's was observed. The child-care center was visited 1 or 2 days a week, from March to October, 2012. The data collected were based from field notes, interviews with participants, their workbooks and more. The participants used strategies such as 'refusing', 'incapacitating', 'interpreting in a way to sympathize', and 'changing the rules of play' to maintain the play, whilst 'tell-on', 'being on the same side', 'accepting 3rd party' features were used to alter play frame. Participants using these various play-frame strategies experienced life implications of 'dialectic of exclusion and selection' and 'quiver of boundary'. This study, specifying efforts of the children to maintain and alter the play frame, will provide an understanding of perception of "social exclusion" to children, which has been viewed negatively in the past. It will also benefit on-site teachers in helping them understand peer-relationship within children and provide a more in-depth intervention for peer-relationship issues.