• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.628-636
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• 1994

One vertical (medianus) and six horizontal (chest, bust, below bust, waist, abdomen and hip) sections of nine healthy pregnant women were examined every month by siliding gauge method during the period from 3rd to loth monthes of pregnancy. In the body changes along the passing months of pregnancy, which were observed by a follow·up measurement, there was little change on the posterior line when viewed using a vertical cross section. On the contrary, there was a great deal of increase on the anterior median line. Particularly, the degree of protrusion was great in the waist and ubilicus area due to pregnancy. At early pregnancy the distance from front to back is much shorter than side to side, however, as pregnancy progressed the front to back distance, on a horizontal cross section, is almost equal to the side to side distance.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.361-371
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate the effects of stage and quality of embryo, synchrony between donor and recipient and difficulty of transfer on pregnancy rate following non-surgical transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos. The results were as follows; 1. The overall pregnancy rate of this experiment was 63.4% and that of heifers(73.1%) was higher than that of cows(46.7%). 2. The pregnancy rates of recipients transferred with morulae, early blastocysts and blastocysts were 50.0%, 64.7% and 71. 4%, respectively. 3. The pregnancy rate of recipients transferred with good embryos(67.9%) was higher than that of recipients transferred with fair embryos(53.8%). 4. The pregnancy rates of embryos transferred to left and right uterine horn were 63.2% and 63.6%, respectively. 5. The pregnancy rate of recipients in estrous synchrony 0(76.2%) was higher than those of recipients in synchrony -1(55.6%) and +1(44.4%). 6. The pregnancy rate of recipients transferred with 2 embryos (71. 4%) was higher than that of recipients transferred with 1 embryo(61.8%). 7. The pregnancy rate of embryos transferred to uterine tip (72.0%) was higher than that of embryos transferred to uterine base(50.0%). 8. Ease of transfer was ranked to a scale of one to three on the basis of increasing difficulty. Transfers ranked as ease score 1 accounted for 77.8% of pregnancies and had higher pregnancy rate than ease score 2(66.7%) or 3(45.5%). 9. The pregnancy rate of recipients with excellent corpus luteum(CL) (70.0%) was higher than those of recipients with good CL(61.1%) or fair CL(61.5) %. In reviewing above results, it was considered that the factors such as embryo stage, embryo quality, estrous synchrony, corpus luteum quality, transfer site within uterus, recipient's parity and ease score affected the pregnancy rate after non-surgical transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2010

Decorin (DCN) is a member of small leucine-rich proteoglycans which are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix. It regulates many physiological processes, such as matrix formation, collagen fibrillogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer growth, and cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that DCN is expressed in the uterus during pregnancy and modulates implantation and decidualization for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mice and humans. Expression of DCN in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy has not been investigated in pigs. Thus, this study investigated expression of DCN in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Uterine endometrial tissues were from day (D) 12 and 15 of the estrous cycle and D12, D15, D30, D60, D90, and D114 of pregnancy. Northern blot and real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that expression of DCN mRNA was detected throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy with the highest levels during mid pregnancy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that DCN mRNA was localized to both luminal and glandular epithelia during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and also to chorionic membrane during mid pregnancy in pigs. To determine whether endometrial expression of DCN was affected by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure, DCN mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT embryos on D30 of pregnancy were compared with those from gilts with normal embryos using real-time RT-PCR analysis. The result showed that DCN mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium were not significantly different between gilts with normal embryos and SCNT embryos. These results suggest that DCN may play an important role for endometrial tissue remodeling during mid pregnancy, and DCN expression is not affected by the SCNT procedure at the early stage of pregnancy in pigs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.273-277
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• 2004

Intramural pregnancy is an unusual ectopic gestation located within the uterine wall, completely surrounded by myometrium and separate from the uterine cavity, fallopian tube, or round ligament. It is known to be difficult to diagnose, and associated with a high rate of uterine rupture. We report a case of intramural pregnancy in which early diagnosis was made and successful treatment was done by dilatation and curettage. Diagnostic laparoscopy confirmed the absence of uterine rupture during the procedure. Therefore, conservation of fertility can be possible with early diagnosis of intramural pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of intramural pregnancy following IVF-ET in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2023

Objective: In this retrospective study, we analyzed factors influencing the ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) in women with repeated implantation failure (RIF) undergoing embryo transfer with endometrial receptivity array (ERA). Methods: Eighty-three consecutive personalized embryo transfers (pETs) with ERA, from 54 women with RIF, were selected from June 2020 to April 2022. Vitrified blastocyst transfer was timed based on ERA results. Results: The ongoing PR per pET was 33.7%. Using ERA, the endometrium was identified as pre-receptive in 26 cycles, early receptive in 25 cycles, receptive in 31 cycles, and late receptive in one cycle. With cycles categorized into three receptivity phases (pre-receptive, early receptive, or receptive), no significant differences were found in the clinical PR (27.3%, 55.6%, and 40%, respectively) or ongoing PR (9.1%, 55.6%, and 40%, respectively) after a single blastocyst transfer. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in the clinical PR or ongoing PR after the transfer of two or more blastocysts. Among women with ongoing pregnancy relative to those without, age at first pET was significantly lower (35 years vs. 39 years, p=0.001), while blastocyst score (23 vs. 18, p=0.012) and the proportion of blastocyst scores >18 (71.4% vs. 38.9%, p=0.005) were significantly higher. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the woman's age (odds ratio [OR], 0.814; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.706 to 0.940; p=0.005) and blastocyst score >18 (OR, 3.052; 95% CI, 1.075 to 8.665; p=0.036) were identified as significant factors influencing ongoing pregnancy. Conclusion: In pET with ERA, ongoing pregnancy was closely associated with woman's age and blastocyst quality.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2001

The aims of these study were to diagnose early pregnancy and reproductive disorders by using progesterone concentration and ultrasonography. The measurement of blood progesterone (P$_4$) concentration was conducted to diagnose pregnancy and to detect corpus luteum (CL) or evaluate disorder of CLs. As a result, the incidence rates of reproductive disorders were as follows : SH and EED (41.9%), inacitve ovaries (32.6%), follicullar cyst (9.3%), PCL (7.0%), endometritis (4.7%), pyometra (2.3%) and luteal cyst (2.3%). 61 Cows having P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml(at the insemination) were increased to 1.0 ng/ml $\geq$ 6day after insemination. 50 cows among 61 cows were diagnosed pregnant. 8 cows among 13 HanWoos having P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/mnl 6 day after insemination had non-ovulatory estrus and the others had P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/ml $\geq$ 6 day after insemination, which was the error of estrus detection. All 13 cows were diagnosed non-pregnant. 47 cows diagnosed pregnant after insemination of P$_4$concentration 3.0 ng/ml were examined by ultrasonography at 30 day post-insemination. As a result, 41 cows were diagnosed pregnant (87.2%) but 14 cows having P$_4$concentration 3.0 ng/ml at 21 day after insemination was diagnosed to non-pregnancy. Calving intervals by surveying 100 cows were as follows 11~12 months (20%), 12~13 months (36%), 13~14 months (19%), 14 months $\geq$ (25%), respectively. In conclusion, hormone and ultrasonography help to detect reproductive disorders exactly and diagnose early pregnancy. This study suggest that diagnosis of early pregnancy and reproductive disorder by blood P$_4$concentration and ultrasonography improve reproduction management of HanWoo.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

This study investigated potential relationship between fetal deaths and plasma progesterone concentrations of bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on small-pet 23 dogs from gestation day (GD) 15 through parturition. The dogs were 3 non-pregnant bitches, 9 spontaneous delivery bitches, 6 partial early embryonic death bitches, 2 whole early embryonic death bitches, and 3 aborted bitches. The late pregnancy (GD 51-54) appeared in 2 of the 3 aborted bitches and the hypoluteoidism appeared in 1 of the 3 aborted bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of partial early embryonic death bitches (n=6) showed no significant difference when compared with the spontaneous delivery bitches. We observed that plasma progesterone concentrations were dramatic decrease before the onset of embryonic death in whole early embryonic death bitches that plasma progesterone concentrations of aborted bitches at late pregnancy were significantly decreased when compared with those of spontaneous delivery bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of the hypoluteoidism bitch were lower than those of spontaneous delivery bitches. At the hypoluteoidism bitch, fetuses were resorbed in early pregnancy and aborted in late pregnancy. On the basis of the results, the diagnosis of partial early embryonic death could not be confirmed without ultrasonographic examination. The partial early embryonic death was considered a spontaneous phenomenon and uncorrelated with plasma progesterone concentration. However, aborted bitches and whole early embryonic death bitches were related to plasma progesterone concentrations and that of bitches gradually decreased before fetal death. These findings suggest that administration of progesterone may be a useful preventing agent against fetal death.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.682-688
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• 1999

Thirty nine pregnant Javanese thin-tail ewes (20 and 19 carried a single and multiple [2 to 3] fetuses, respectively), and six nonpregnant ewes as controls were used to measure maternal serum hormone and blood metabolite concentrations as predictors of number of fetuses carried during pregnancy. Serum hormones (progesterone, estradiol, triiodothyronine, and cortisol) and blood metabolites (b-hydroxy butyric acid [BHBA], and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) were determined every four weeks during pregnancy and were used to predict litter size by discriminant analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations at weeks 8, 12, 16 of pregnancy could be used to predict the number of fetuses carried with precision of 86.7 to 95.6%. Serum triiodothyronine, cortisol, BHBA, and BUN concentrations during pregnancy, however, were not good predictors of the number of fetuses carried. Serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations as early as 8 weeks of pregnancy in sheep could predict the number of fetuses carried with 86.7% precision.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare gait patterns during pregnancy. Because of the changes in hormone levels and anatomical changes such as body mass, body-mass distribution, joint laxity, and musculotendinous strength that result from pregnancy, it was possible that there would be certain gait deviations associated with these changes. Three-dimensional gait analyses were performed from a self-selected pace, and six subjects(height : $163{\pm}5.3cm$, mass : $61.3{\pm}3.80kg$, $65.3{\pm}5.14kg$, $70.2{\pm}4.98kg$) participated in the three times(the early, middle and last years). 7 cameras(Proreflex MCU-240, Qualisys) and 2 force plates (Type 9286AA, Kistler) were used to acquire raw data. The parameters were calculated and analyzed with Visual-3D and Joint moments computed using inverse dynamics. In conclusion, pregnant women's gait patterns were changed during pregnancy period because pregnancy makes them physical changes. The main changes were joint moments and kinematic factors during pregnancy period. The pregnancy transformed normal gait pattern Into toe out position. Therefore, exercise programs to improve muscle activity were necessary where joint moments were small. The development of simulator should be studied for pregnant women's tailored shoes and accessories in future.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2010

Luteal cells produce progesterone that supports pregnancy. Steroidogenesis requires coordination of the anabolic and catabolic pathways of lipid metabolism. In the present study, the corpus luteum (CL) in early pregnancy established from luteal phase and pregnant phase was analyzed. The first study determined progesterone changes in the bovine CL at day 19 (early maternal recognition period) and day 90 in mid-pregnancy and compared them to the CL from day 12 of the estrous cycle. CL alternation was tested using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Comparing CL from luteal phase to those from pregnant phase counterparts, significant changes in expression level were found in 23 proteins. Of these proteins 17 were not expressed in pregnant phase CL but expressed in luteal phase counterpart, whereas, the expression of the other 6 proteins was limited only in pregnant phase CL. Among these proteins, vimentin is considered to be involved in regulation of post-implantation development. In particular, vimentin may be used as marker for CL development during pregnancy because the expression level changed considerably in pregnant phase CL tissue compared with its luteal phase counterpart. Data from 2-DE suggest that protein expression was disorientated in mid pregnancy from luteal phase, but these changes was regulated with progression of pregnancy. These findings demonstrate CL development during mid-pregnancy from luteal phase and suggest that alternations of specific CL protein expression may be involved in maintenance of pregnancy.