• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2006

This study was carried out to know pathogenicity of the pathogen isolated in several location of Korea and penetration mechanism of the Pseudocercospora vitis ($(L\acute{e}v)$.) Speg. Inoculation tests at room temperature were performed on both sides of leaves with different isolates of the fungus. The typical symptoms appeared on the abaxial leaf surface, but no symptom was observed on the adaxial leaf surface with all isolates. The average incubation period was nine days, since all symptoms appeared from 8 to 10 days after inoculation. In order to know the mechanism of invasion of P. vitis to grapevine, the behavior of penetration hyphae through stomata were compared in two cultivars having different level of resistance. In order to know the mechanism of resistance of grape vine to P.vitis, two cultivars having different level of resistance were compared by counting the numbers and measuring size of the stomata per leaf. In a susceptible cultivar Campbell Early, the number of stomata was more than that of a resistance cultivar 'Kyoho'. In a susceptible cultivar 'Campbell Early', the fungus entered readily into stomata after inoculation. However, in a resistant cultivar 'Kyoho', the fungus seemed to pass over or surrounded only the guard cells. In comparison of height of guard cells of stomata between the two cultivars, significant differences were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The height of guard cells of 'Campbell Early' showed a little higher than those of 'Kyoho' known to be resistant to the fungus.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2018

Mucolipidosis type III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) is a mucolipids degrading disorder caused by a mutation in the GNPTAB gene and is inherited by autosomal recessive. It is diagnosed by examining highly concentrated mucolipids in blood and the diagnosis can be confirmed by genetic testing. Mucolipidosis type III is a rare and progressive metabolic disorder. Its initial signs and symptoms usually occur around 3 years of age. Clinical manifestations of the disease include slow growth, joint stiffness, arthralgia, skeletal abnormalities, heart valve abnormalities, recurrent respiratory infection, distinctive facial features, and mild intellectual disability. Here, we are presenting two siblings of mucolipidosis type III, a 4-year-old female and a 2 years and 7 months old male with features of delayed growth and coarse face. The diagnosis was confirmed by [c.2715+1G>A(p.Glu906Leufs*4), c.2544del(p.Glu849Lysfs*22)] mutation in targeted gene panel sequencing. In this case, c.2544del is a heterozygote newly identified mutation in mucolipidosis type III and was not found in the control group including the genome aggregation database. And it is interpreted as a pathogenic variant considering the association with phenotype. Here, we report a Korean mucolipidosis type III patients with novel mutations in GNPTAB gene who have been treated since early childhood. Owing to recent development of molecular genetic techniques, it was possible to make early diagnosis and treatment with pamidronate was initiated appropriately in case 1. In addition to these supportive therapies, efforts must be made to develop fundamental treatment for patients with early diagnosis of mucolipidosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2008

Background: Isoniazid (INH, H) is a key drug of the standard first-line regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), yet some reports have suggested that treatment efficacy was maintained even though INH was omitted from the treatment regimen. Methods: One hundred forty C57BL/6 mice were infected with the H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis with using a Glas-Col aerosol generation device, and this resulted in depositing about 100 bacilli in the lung. Four weeks after infection, anti-TB treatment was initiated with varying regimens for 4-8 weeks; Group 1: no treatment (control), Group 2 (4HREZ): 4 weeks of INH, rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) and ethambutol (E), Group 3: 1HREZ/3REZ, Group 4: 4REZ, Group 5: 4HREZ/4HRE, Group 6: 1HREZ/3REZ/4RE, and Group 7: 4REZ/4RE. The lungs and spleens were harvested at several time points until 28 weeks after infection, and the colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were determined. Results: The CFU counts increased steadily after infection in the control group. In the 4-week treatment groups (Group 2-4), even though the culture was negative at treatment completion, the bacilli grew again at the 12-week and 20-week time points after completion of treatment. In the 8-week treatment groups (Groups 5-7), the bacilli did not grow in the lung at 4 weeks after treatment initiation and thereafter. In the spleens of Group 7 in which INH was omitted from the treatment regimen, the culture was negative at 4-weeks after treatment initiation and thereafter. However, in Groups 5 and 6 in which INH was taken continuously or intermittently, the bacilli grew in the spleen at some time points after completion of treatment. Conclusion: TThe exclusion of INH from the standard first-line regimen did not affect the treatment outcome in a murine model of TB in the early stage of disease. Further studies using a murine model of chronic TB are necessary to clarify the role of INH in the standard first-line regimen for treating TB.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1519-1527
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• 2002

Purpose : Although influenza virus is one of the most important causes of acute respiratory tract infections(ARTIs) in children, virus isolation is not popular and there are only a few clinical studies on influenza in Korea. We evaluated the epidemiologic and clinical features of ARTIs by influenza virus in children. Methods : From February 1995 to August 2001, nasopharyngeal aspirations were obtained and cultured for the isolation of influenza virus in children admitted with ARTIs. The medical records of patients with influenza virus infection were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Respiratory viruses were isolated in 997(22.0%) out of 4,533 patients examined, and influenza virus was isolated in 164 cases(3.6%). Influenza virus was isolated year after year mainly from December to April of next year. The ratio of male and female was 1.9 : 1 with a median age of 15 months. The most common clinical diagnosis of influenza virus infection was pneumonia, and fever and cough developed in most patients. There was no difference between influenza A and B infection in clinical diagnoses and symptoms. All patients recovered without receiving antiviral treatment except for one patient diagnosed with pneumonia who had underlying disease of Down syndrome with ventricular septal defect. Conclusion : ARTIs caused by influenza virus developed every winter and spring during the period of study. Because fatal complication can develop in the high risk group, prevention, early diagnosis and proper management of influenza should be emphasized.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2005

Purpose : Flow cytometric automated reticulocyte analysis is a superior method to manual reticulocyte counting, with respect to precision and sensitivity. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis is able to measure immature reticulocyte fraction(IRF) and reticulocyte cellular indices(RCI : cell hemoglobin content : CHr, mean cell volume : MCVr, cell hemoglobin concentration mean : CHCMr, distribytion width : RDWr, HDWr, CHDWr). In this study, we investigated the mean values and clinical significances of IRF and RCI in healthy children and pediatric anemia patients. Methods : IRF and RCI were measured with an automated blood cell analyzer, ADVIA 120(Bayer, USA) using oxazine 750 dye, in 57 healthy children and 61 children with anemia. The anemia group consisted of 27 iron deficiency anemia(IDA) patients and 34 patients with anemia associated with acute infection(AAI). We compared the mean values of IRF and RCI in the control group classified according to age, between anemia groups and the control group, and between the IDA group and the AAI group. Results : For the normal control group, the mean values of IRF, CHr, MCVr and HDWr were higher in neonates when compared to older children. The mean values of IRF and RDWr were significantly higher, and the mean values of CHr and CHCMr were significantly lower in the IDA group when compared to the control group. The mean value of IRF was significantly higher, and the mean value of CHDWr was significantly lower in the AAI group when compared to the control group. The mean values of IRF, CHr and CHCMr were significantly lower in the IDA group when compared to the AAI group. Conclusion : We could determine the normal mean values of IRF and RCI in healthy children classified according to age for understanding of hematopoietic response differences according to age. The evaluation of IRF and RCI by automated reticulocyte analyzer seemed to be accurate and clinically useful for the early diagnosis of anemia and the differentiation of IDA from AAI.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 1985

In order to get information on the ecology of rice false smut, germination ability and pathogenicity of sclerotia and chlamydospores of the pathogen, environmental conditions affecting the disease outbreak and varietal resistance have been investigated. 1. The degree of outbreak of rice false smut was higher in the upland rice in comparison with the paddy field rice in respect to the number of affected grains per ear, the size and weight of smut balls formed on affected grains as well as the ratio of sclerotial formation produced on smut balls. 2. Germination percentage and days required for germination of overwintered sclerotia placed on the soil surface in July were 81% and 19 days, respectively, while those of overwintered sclerotia treated in May were 60-70% and 41 days. Sclerotia placed on the soil surface or under 1 cm depth of the soil surface and incubated at $25-30^{\circ}C$ were germinated well, whereas those placed under 3 cm or 5 cm depth of the soil surface were not germinated at all. Germinability and stroma productivity of sclerotia were reduced when the sclerotia were cutted into small pieces. 3. The average number of stroma formed on a sclerotium was six and that of perithecia formed in a stroma was about 50 to 140. 4. Percentage of germination of chlamydospores on the yellow balls was very high and was decreased as the color of the balls being darken with maturation. 5. Panicle of rice plants were successfully infected by injection inoculation with suspention of ascospores and chlamydospores of the pathogen to the sheaths at the booting stages, while seeding infection by spraying with suspensions of chlamydospores was unsuccessful. 6. More number of infected grains was distributed on basal parts of an affected ear than that of infected ones distributed upper parts of the ear, when the affected ear was divided into five parts from its basal portion to the apical of the ear. 7. The occurrence of the disease was more severe in the late maturing varieties of rice in comparison with the early maturing varieties. 8. When the level of nitrogen applied was increased, the incidence of disease increased, and the infection percentage of the disease was increased as the transplanting date was delayed. 9. The weight of panicles and 1000 kernels and the ratio of ripenness were reduced, and the contamination degree of grains with chlamydospores were increased as the number of smut balls per panicle were increased.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2003

Purpose : Infection with Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli, an emerging human pathogen found particularly in young children under 5 years of age, causes a spectrum of illnesses with high morbidity and mortality, ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Host mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLT-I toxicity. The experiments described here were designed to investigate the effect of SLT-I on TNF-${\alpha}$ production and to understand the effect of TNF-${\alpha}$ on GB3 expression. We also further examine the relationship between the Gb3 level and the differential susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic action of SLT-I. Methods : The effect of purified SLT-1 from E. coli O157 : H7 (ATCC 43890) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in Raw264.7 cells was investigated. Many mediators regulate endothelial cell membrane expression of the glycolipid globotriaosyleramide (Gb3), which serves as the toxin receptor, suggesting that the host response to the toxin or other bacterial products may contribute to pathogenesis by regulating target cell sensitivity to the toxins. Therefore, the relationships between Gb3 expression and cytotoxicity against SLT-I on three types of cells were evaluated. Results : Detectable levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ were produced as early as six hours after induction and continued to increase during 48 hours by SLT-I. It was also found that Vero cells and dendritic cells (DC2.4 cells) expressed high levels of Gb3, 83% and 68%, respectively, and that Raw264.7 cells had a low level of Gb3 (29%) and appeared refractory to cytotoxicity against SLT-I. Vero cells and DC2.4 cells expressing high levels of Gb3 were highly susceptible to SLT-I. Furthermore, macrophages showed a resistance to SLT-I cytotoxicity, despite the fact that Gb3 expression was enhanced. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that the expression of Gb3 is necessary but not sufficient to confer sensitivity of macrophages to SLT-I and further underpin the important role of SLT-I and its Gb3 receptors in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157 infection.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1998

Purpose: To determine the various prenatal factors related to the prenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed on prenatal ultrasonography. We also attempted to correlate the prenatal and neonatal renal pelvic anteroposterior diameter with the outcome in infancy Methods: Between 1985 and 1997. We retrospectively reviewed 105 renal unit (75 patient) with fetal hydronphrosis persisting postnatally. Investigation consisted of renal ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, diurectic renogram, and DMSA scan. Results: The 75 patient assesed had the following underlying cause: UPJ(Ureteropelvic juction) obstruction(52%). multicystic dysplastic kidney(10%). UVJ (Ureterovesicai juction) obstruction (10%) and no underlying cause (25%). Of theses cases 36 cases (40 renal unit) underwent operation, while 28 cases (50 renal unit) resoled spontaneously. 12% of mild hydornephrosis deteriorated. whereas 50% of modrate hydrophrosis and 81% of severe hydronephrosis required surgical correction. Attempting to find the renal unit that were at risk for deterioration. our study showed that urinary tract infection group and calyceal blunting group had a predictive role. Conclusion: It is necessary to follow up after birth dilatation of caylx or urinary tract infection are present. Early operation is considered when prenatal pelvic AP diameter greater is than 22 mm and postnatal diameter greater than 17 mm. This may make it possible to prevent further progression of renal damage and prompt treatment of asymptomatic hydronephrosis before complications occur.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1999

Purpose : VUR is state where urine regurge from bladder to ureter and kidney. It is shown in about 1/3 of urinary tract infection patients and it is classified as grade I to V. We compared results from RI VCUG(Radiisotope voiding cystourethrography) and X-ray VCUG which used in diagnosing VUR in children, to evaluate which is better in diagnosing VUR in children. Methods : 41 Patients(19 males, 21 females), who visited Pediatric department, Soonchunhyang university Hospital from peroid of 1991. January to 1998. July for recurrent urinary tract infection or abnormalities in ultrasonogams, were enrolled in the study. The age ranged from 9 months to 17 years and mean age was 5 1/2 years. Both RI VCUG and X-ray VCUG were done and follow-up test of urine culture, renal ultrasonogram and RI VCUG were done every month, every 3 month and every 6 month, respectively to observe the disappearance of VUR and evaluated the prognosis. Results : 24 patients had taken RI VCUG and 17(70.1%) patients showed positive result. 22 patients had taken X-ray VCUG and 9(40.1%) patients showed findings of VUR. 17 patients had taken both tests and 14 patients showed positive result in RI VCUG and 6 of these patients also showed reflux in X-ray VCUG. 3 patients who showed negative in RI VCUG, showed negative also in X-ray VCUG. For prognosis, resolution and scar formation was shown in 8 patients each. Persistent VUR was shown in 6 patients and 2 of these patients VUR was corrected by operation, 1 patient showed decreased renal function, and 1 patient was not follwed up. 8 of 9 patients who showed findings of VUR on DMSA scan formed a scar and 8 patients who showed no findings of VUR didn't form a scar. Urine culture was positive in 17 of 19 patients with VUR. Positive rate in urine culture was higher than that of patients with no VUR who showed positivity in 15 of 21 patients for urine culture. E. coli was most common organism and the period free of UTI was 14 months in VUR patients and it was shorter compared to patients without VUR which was 26 months. Conclusion : In diagnosing VUR in children, the positive rate was higher in RI VCUG than X-ray VCUG. Therefore, in early diagnosis when VUR is suspicious but not shown in X-ray VCUG, RI VCUG should be done and it will help to make accurate diagnosis.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations, contact history, and status of tuberculosis contact investigations in school-age children and adolescents with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) at two centers. Methods: This study was conducted with 54 patients in the age ranging from 10 to 18 years, who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB at the Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University Children's Hospital, January 2008 to December 2012. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients. Results: The median age of the patients was 16 years old; 11 patients were aged 10 to 14 and 43 patients were aged 15 to 18. Among 54 patients, 19 had history of contact with pulmonary TB, 10 had contact with house members (household), and remaining 9 had contact with classmates (non-household). One out of 10 patients who had household contacts and 6 out of 9 patients who had non-household contacts were evaluated with contact investigation after the exposure to pulmonary TB. Among 7 patients who were evaluated with contact investigation, 3 were diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, 1 had latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and 3 had no evidence of TB or LTBI. The median period of diagnosis after the exposure to active pulmonary TB was 2 years in patients with household contacts and 0.23 years in patients with non-household contacts. Conclusion: This study suggested that if the contact investigation conducted properly, it would be helpful for early diagnosis and prevention of pulmonary TB.