• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.319-327
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• 1991

Gingko biloba is one of the oldest trees on earth. It can be traced 300 million years or more into past. In recent years, this tree has become increasingly popular because of its longevity. Amount of comsumption of Gingko leaves in Korea is increased to produce drugs for blood circulating system's disorder. The workers who work at the company of product drug with Gingko leaves complain pruritus at belt position of west, however toxic substance from extracts of Gingko biloba was carried out to determine what kind of the toxic substance from extract could induce a contact dermatitis by means of histopathological study. Dried leaves of Korean G. biloba were exhaustively extracted with chloroform. The aqueous chloroform residue was extracted with hexane. After evaporation, the hexane extract was passed through a silica gel column chromatography, it was separated into 9 fractions by means of gradient solvent (benzene: acetone/ 98~93 : 2~7%). The 4th and 7th fraction were idendified as bilibol and gingkolic acid by silica gel thin layer chromatography and NMR spectrophotometer. The 4th and 7th fractions of Korean Gingko leaves have an irritant substances which can be induced ear swelling and increased thickness of stratum cornium of rabbit ear exposed with the fractions (3 time/3 day, $100{\mu}l$ of 50mg/ml ethyl alcohol). In the 4th fraction, the substance have induced the surface of ear to swell and mass of unknown cell like inflammatory cell were infiltrated within the stratum corneum, and the 7th fraction have the surface of ear to loss the hairs, and sebaceous gland and follicle of hair were infiltrated with inflammatory cells. and other fractions at all did not induced a certain contact dermatitis and also Deutschen drug of Gingko (named as Gerigeron) have induced the contact dermatitis such as dematitis of Korean Gingko extract.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

Background and objective: Dermatitis is a chronic disease accompanied by such symptoms as itching and dry skin. The environment and diet can aggravate dermatitis, so attention to skin care is essential. Colocasia esculenta is used in various manners and for different purposes, including with regard to inflammation, aging, and the digestive system. The anti-inflammatory effect of Colocasia esculenta water extract was confirmed using RAW 264.7 macrophages with regard to male ICR mice. Methods: In the case of the ICR mice, 5% 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used to cause inflammation for 7 days, and 100 μL of Colocasia esculenta water extract and panthenol were administered orally for 10 days. In addition, RT-PCR, NO, ELISA was conducted. Results: As a result of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it was found that Colocasia esculenta water extract reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. As a result of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining using mouse ear tissue, Colocasia esculenta water extract reduced ear thickness and showed an effect of suppressing ear edema. In addition, compared to the TPA-treated group, the Colocasia esculenta extract-treated group had reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by 18.23 μM and IL-13 production decreased by 136.55 pg/ml. Conclusion: Colocasia esculenta water extract has been shown to be effective in lowering inflammatory cytokine production. These results suggest that Colocasia esculenta water extracts can be used as natural products to treat dermatitis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.312-318
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• 2014

We evaluated the morphological characteristics of 156 maize inbred lines, which were developed to breeding normal maize variety at Maize Experiment Station, Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, by examining 11 quantitative and three qualitative characteristics. On the evaluation of three qualitative traits for 156 maize inbred lines, most inbred lines showed yellow (85 and 84 inbred lines) at tassel color (QL1) and silk color (QL2), and showed semi erect (105 inbred lines) at plant type (QL3). While, the evaluation of 11 quantitative traits for 156 maize inbred lines, they showed the morphological variation in days of tasseling (QN1, 56.5 to 76.0 days), days of silking (QN2, 59.0 to 85.5 days), stem thickness (QN3, 12.7 to 42.9 mm), plant height (QN4, 111.8 to 239.8 cm), ear height (QN5, 48.2 to 126.5 cm), 100 kernel weight (QN6, 14.9 to 36.4 g), ear length (QN7, 10.0 to 79.0 cm), setted kernel length (QN8, 8.0 to 70.5 cm), ear thickness (QN9, 4.0 to 22.0 cm), total kernel weight (QN10, 22.0 to 490.0 kg) and water content (QN11, 9.3 to 11.9%), respectively. As a result, 11 inbred lines (00hf3, 00hf19, 00hf30, 00hf36, 02S8069, 02S8072, 02S8090, 02S8099, 05S10011, 06S8085-6, 07S8011) in the 156 normal maize inbred lines have showed comparatively high values. While, the results of PCA (principal component analysis) indicated that the ear length (QN7), setted kernel length (QN8), ear thickness (QN9) and total kernel weight (QN10) greatly contributed in positive direction on the first principal components. And also, days of tasseling (QN1), days of silking (QN2), plant height (QN4) and ear height (QN5) contributed in negative direction on the second principal component. Thus these morphological characters, which were greatly contributed in the first and second principal components, might be considered to be useful for discrimination among 156 normal inbred lines. Specifically, this study's assessment of morphological characteristics of 156 normal inbred lines will be helpful useful for normal maize breeding programs such activities as planning crosses for hybrid and line development at Maize Experiment Station, Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.555-564
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• 2010

Aphid and mite are the major insects that harm corn. These insects are difficult to control because they are very sensitive to environmental conditions. The purpose of this experiment was to information the loss in quantity of corn and to select inbred lines with resistance after exposing corn to aphid and mite. When exposed to aphid, the average loss in grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, 100 kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness were 18.4, 10.9, 1.7, 5.4, 2.3, 1.5 and -0.2%, respectively. When exposed to mite, the average loss in grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, 100 kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness were 49.7, 16.5, 20.7, 18.9, 9.5, and -3.4, respectively. Mite had more significant impact on the loss than aphid. Among these factors, grain yield and ear dimater were most significantly correlated on the loss to aphid ($r=0.83^{**}$), while kernel length and thickness were most significantly correlated on the loss to mite ($r=0.83^{**}$). However, ear length was not related to loss to the two insects. The inbred lines that were often used for $F_1$ hybrid which was lower than the average loss by aphid, were KS7, B68, 61B3, 70A1, and KS5, while the inbred lines that were often used for $F_1$ hybrid which was lower than the average decrease by mite, were KS7, B68, 61B3, 66B2-4, 70A1, 72B2, and KS5. These inbred lines could be used to breed inbred lines, hybrid, and open pollination variety that confer resistant to aphid and mite.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.31-45
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• 2017

Objectives : Adenophorae Radix(AR) is the dried root of Adenphora triphylla var. japonica HARA. AR has the efficacy of clarifying lung, emitting pus, expelling wind, stopping pruitus and so on. Recently, various studies are being done about anti-oxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of AR. So, we expected AR has an availability that can improve symptoms of atopic dermatitis(AD). Methods : In this study, we measured body weight, weight of ear, thickness of ear skin and dorsum skin, symptom score, reproduction rate of splenocytes in vivo and in vitro of mouse with AD induced by DNCB. We experimented with five groups of 9 mice, such as normal group, control group, AR spread(ARS) group, AR feeding(ARF) group, AR spread&feeding(ARSF) group. Results : Control group of body weight significantly reduced and APSF group significantly increased in the first and second week. In weight of ear and thickness of ear skin and dorsum skin, control group significantly increased and ARSF group significantly decreased. In macrophotography viewpoint of dorsal skin, ARS group, ARF group and ARSF group decreased severe pigmented skin lesion, erythema and desquamation as compared with control group. Especially ARSF group showed significant drop. ARS group, ARF group and ARSF group compared to control group were improved in histopathology observation. In vitro and in vivo, treatment group of AR increased proliferation rate of splenocytes, specially in vitro significantly. Conclusions : This experiment indicates Adenophorae Radix extracts is effective on AD induced by DNCB in mice.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.730-741
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• 2008

Objective : To examine the efficacy of CY, the improvement of atopy dermatitis(AD)-like lesions on the rostral back of the NC/Nga mice, which took CY orally and were treated with a chemical substance called DNFB, the inhibition of ear swelling, and the inhibition of inflammatory response of the ear tissue of the mice were observed and compared, and the inhibition of the serum IgE count and the IL-4 and IFN-${\gamma}$ count produced by CD4+ T cells of the lymph node were observed and compared. Materials and Methods : For measurement of ear thicknesses, 0.15% DNFB $25{\mu}l$ mixed with acetone/olive oil(3:1) was applied to the right ear and dorsal skin of the NC/Nga mice 5 times at an interval of 7 days. Ear thickness was measured every day over a five-week period after the first application of DNFB. The total serum IgE count was measured with ELISA by taking blood samples 24 hours after the fifth application of DNFB. To measure the IL-4 and IFN-${\gamma}$ count, the lymph node was cut off, and the CD4+ T cells were purified and stimulated to activate the T cells, and then the IL-4 and IFN-${\gamma}$ count was measured with ELISA. Results : Continuous oral administration of CY improved the AD-like skin lesions on the rostral back and inhibited the ear swelling in NC/Nga mice treated with DNFB and inhibited the inflammatory response in the NC/Nga mice treated with DNFB NC/Nga mice. Continuous oral administration of CY did not significantly inhibit the serum IgE count and failed to significantly reduce the IL-4 count generated after TCR stimulation in the CD4+ T cells of the NC/Nga mice treated with DNFB. Continuous oral administration of CY significantly reduced the IFN-${\gamma}$ count generated after TCR stimulation in the CD4+ T cells of the NC/Nga mice treated with DNFB.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 대한견주관절학회 2008년도 제16차 학술대회
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• pp.81-81
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• 2008

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.933-944
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• 2004

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental and various measurement data of the head and face for male children. Two hundred forty one male children, aged nine to twelve years, participated for this study. The 31 regions on the head and face of the subjects were directly measured by the expert experimenters. Through factor analysis, the six factors were extracted upon factor scores and those factors comprised $67.47\%$ for the total variances. The first factor was described the general height elements for the mouth and the environs of the mouth. The second factor was described the general height around the nose, forehead and eyes. The third factor was described the height of the ear environs. The forth factor contained the length around the sinciput to the occiput, the head thick and the head circumstance. The fifth factor was described the general width of the outer head and the corner of the eyes. The last factor contained the depth of the mouth and nose. Four clusters as their head and face shape were categorized using six factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by the shortest head and face width, surface length and girth, and the shorter length of head, but the highest position of chin, philtrum, upper lip. Type 2 was characterized by the shortest head and face length and thickness, and the lowest position of the forehead, eye, nose, mouth, ear environs, but that had wider width of head and face. Type 3 was characterized by the longest and the widest head and face type, and the highest position of the mouth. Type 4 was characterized by longer length of head and face, and the widest head girth and largest head thickness, and the highest position of the forehead, eye, nose environs. And this type had the widest width of nose and mouth, and the longest head surface length.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.8-22
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang on the Allergic Contact Dermatitis caused by 2,4-dinitro-chlorobezene(DNCB). Methods : Twenty eight mice were divided into four groups ; normal, control, experimental group A and B. Control and experimental groups were induced allergic contact dermatitis by DNCB. Experimental group A was orally administered the Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang and experimental group B was orally administered the prednisolone. In this study, ear thickness measurement, auricle microphotograph observation, MPO(Myeloperoxidase) activity measurement, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis of the mRNA level of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ were performed on these four groups. In addition, the effect of Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang on cell viability and the effect of Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang on the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from HMC and RPMC were measured. Results: 1. Both experimental group A and B had decreased ear thickness compared with control group In contact hypersensitivity assay. 2. In experimental group A, inflammatory edema was similarly observed comparing to control group. Nevertheless, inflammatory edema was obviously reduced in experimental group B. In both experimental group A and B, pathological lesion of dermatitis were alleviated. In addition, the numbers of infiltrated inflammatory cells were decreased compared with control group. 3. Compared to the normal group, there was a noticeable increase in MPO activity in control group. However, in experimental group A and B, it showed remarkable inhibition of the increase in MPO activity comparing with control group. 4. The level of expression of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ in experimental group A and B were meaningfully lower than those in control group. 5. In MTT assay, the concentrations of Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang that were used on the test had no cytotoxicity. 6. Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang dose-dependently inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from both HMC and RPMC. Conclusions : According to above experiments, Gyejijakyakjimo-Tang was effective on allergic contact dermatitis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.258-267
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• 2022

Objectives: Hypertrophic scars (HSs) are caused by abnormal wound healing. To date, no standard treatment has been made available for HSs. Scrophularia striata has been reported to accelerate wound healing and has the potential to prevent HS formation. In this study, we investigated the anti-scarring effects of S. striata extract (SSE) in a rabbit ear model of scarring. Methods: In this study, New Zealand white rabbit (weight: 2.3-2.5 kg) were used. In the prevention phase of the study, three test groups received 5%, 10%, and 15% ointments of SSE in the Eucerin base, the fourth group received Eucerin, and the fifth group received no treatment. The samples were obtained on day 35 after wounding. In the treatment phase of the study, the test groups received an intralesional injection of SSE (5%, 10%, and 15%), the fourth group received an intralesional injection of triamcinolone, the fifth group received a solvent (injection vehicle), and the sixth group received no treatment. To evaluate the anti-scarring effects of SSE, the scar elevation index (SEI), epidermis thickness index (ETI), collagen deposition, and MMP2 and MMP9 gene expression were evaluated. Results: A significant reduction in SEI, ETI, and collagen deposition was noted in animals treated with SSE compared with the control groups. In addition, topical SSE stimulated MMP2 and MMP9 gene expression. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the potential for SSE in the prevention and treatment of HS. SSE could be prepared as an appropriate formulation to treat wounds and prevent abnormal scarring.