• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-29
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• 2014

Objectives Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts (DRC) has been known to suppress allergic reaction, however the cellular target of DRC and its mode of action remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions of NC/Nga mouse. Methods This study was designed to investigate the effects of DRC extract in the DNP-IgE-induced activation of MC/9 murine mast cell lines in vitro and in the DNCB-induced activation of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. For this investigation, We examined IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression by Real-time PCR, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis and manifestations of NFAT1, NFAT2, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors by western blotting in vitro. Then, we examined WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil in NC/Nga mouse, IL-5, IL-13 in serum, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, PBMCs and dorsal skin, IL-5, IL-13 in the dorsal skin by Real-time PCR and the distribution of mast cells by H&E and toluidine blue. Results In vitro the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$, GM-CSF and IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis were completely abolished by DRC and the western blot analysis decreased the expression of mast cell-specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65. In vivo DRC oral adminstration also decreased the counts of WBC, eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-13 and IgE in the serum. DRC oral adminstration elevated IL-4 level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant. DRC oral adminstration decreased total ALN cells, total skin cells, cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$ in the PBMCs and $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ in the dorsal skin. The mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, thickness of epidermis, inflammation immune cells and mast cells were abolished by DRC in the dorsal skin. Conclusions Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mouse were much improved by DRC oral adminstration. These results, therefore, suggest that DRC can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mouse, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.512-519
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• 2005

E-BLP security model considers the reliability of the processes that are real subjects in systems. This paper deals with the implementation of the E-BLP model for secure embedded systems. Implemented EBSM(E-BLP Based Security Module) consists of three components: identification and authentication, access control and BRC(Dynamic Reliability Check) that checks the process behavior dynamically. Access Control of EBSM ensures unreliable processes not to access the sensitive objects and the DRC detects the buffer overflow attack by normal user. Besides, the performance overhead of the embedded system applying the EBSM is introduced.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.234-241
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• 2012

This paper proposes a novel design methodology considering transistor layout variation. The proposed design technique is to improve the transistor's electrical characteristics without performing a circuit simulation to extract transistor layout variation. There are three advantages in the proposed method. Firstly, there is no need to change the normal design flow used in layout designs. Secondly, there is no need to perform simulation in order to extract the transistor layout variation. Thirdly, early warnings in layout design lead to decreasing the number of post layout simulations. Less post layout simulations will decrease the number of iterations in the design cycle and shorten design period. The number of bad transistors in the early design phase were reduced from 17.8% to 2.9% by applying eDRC environment for layout designers to develop Standard Cell Library.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.79-90
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• 2017

Improving the urban environmental quality relies mainly on the increasing of urban forests capacity to store carbon dioxide. This study assesses the floristic diversity of urban institutional lands in Bukavu and their potential to reduce atmospheric $CO_2$. An exhaustive inventory over three sites ($Coll{\grave{e}}ge$ Alfajiri, $Cath{\acute{e}}drale$ Notre-Dame de la Paix and Institut $Sup{\acute{e}}rieur$ $P{\acute{e}}dagogique$) of Bukavu led to the identification of 1,113 trees of which the diameter at breast height (1.30 m) ranged from 4.9 to 161 cm. Results reveal a floristic diversity made up of 4 families of conifers with 4 species and 14 of broadleaves with 21 species. Average densities were of $54trees\;ha^{-1}$ and $5.21m^2\;ha^{-1}$ of basal area. Urban-based allometric equations used yielded up to 312.8 tons of carbon stored in trees aboveground biomass equivalent to 1,147.9 tons of $CO_2$ reduced from the atmosphere over the three sites. The rate of carbon storage reaches $15.1tons\;ha^{-1}$. Thus, trees of the three institutional sites in Bukavu play an important role in reducing atmospheric $CO_2$ and contribute, thereby, to mitigate global climate change effects. Given the current environmental challenge associated with high population growth rate in cities, the urban forest ecosystem in DRC requires to be extended and further investigation.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.8A no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2001

To design and develop secure operating systems, the BLP (Bell-La Padula) model that represents the MLP (Multi-Level Policy) has been widely adopted. However, user\`s security level in the most developed systems based on the BLP model is inherited to a process that is actual subject on behalf of the user, regardless whatever the process behavior is. So, there could be information disclosure threat or modification threat by malicious or unreliable processes even though the user is authorized in the system. These problems can be solved by defining the subject as (user, process) ordered pair and by defining the process reliability. Moreover, when the leveled programs which exist as objects in a disk are executed by a process and have different level from the process level, the security level decision problem occurs. This paper presents an extended BLP (E-BLP) model in which process reliability is considered and solves the security level decision problem. And this model is implemented into the Linux kernel 2.4.7.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2014

The distributions of trace metals in the East Sea were investigated during the R/V Lavrentyev cruise (July 2009) in which four transects from Russia shore to South were conducted to collect 25 surface water samples. The total dissolved concentrations of Cu and Ni were measured using ICP-MS, DRC-e. In the coastal area, their concentrations of Russia shore (Cu, 1.51; Ni, 1.82 nM) were 1.9 times for Cu and 2.0 times for Ni lower than Korea shore (Cu, 2.87; Ni, 3.71 nM). In the subregion, their concentrations of Warm region (Cu, 3.03; Ni, 2.28 nM) were higher for Cu than Cold region (Cu, 2.04; Ni, 2.28 nM). The distributions of Cu and Ni concentrations were divided by lowest level at $10^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. In this study period, the surface water temperatures of Russia shore and Japan basin were lower than $10^{\circ}C$ and them of Ulleung basin and Sakhalin shore were higher. Below $10^{\circ}C$, Cu and Ni concentrations increased when surface water temperatures decreased. Above $10^{\circ}C$, their concentrations increased with temperature, which showed highest concentrations in the Ulleung basin, directly influenced by flux from East Korean Warm Current. By comparing with other sea areas (Western Mediterranean, Atlantic), Cu concentrations in the East Sea were a little higher and Ni concentrations were lower. Particularly as the level of Cu in the offshore in the Ulleung basin were higher than in the coastal area, We can suggest that the atmospheric flux of Cu is relatively important in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.64-73
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• 2015

The distributions of Pb and Cd concentrations in the surface seawater of the East Sea were investigated during the R/V Lavrentyev cruise (July 2009) in which four transects from Russia shore to South were conducted to collect 26 surface water samples. The total dissolved concentrations of Pb and Cd were measured using ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer, DRC-e). In the coastal area, their concentrations of Russia shore (Pb, 0.08; Cd, 0.10 nM) were comparable for Cd but on the other hand, 6 times lower for Pb than Korea shore (Pb, 0.49; Cd, 0.11 nM). In the subregion, their concentrations of Warm region (Pb, 0.22; Cd, 0.01 nM) were about 1.7 times higher for Pb but 0.4 lower for Cd than Cold region (Pb, 0.13; Cd, 0.14 nM). The distributions of Pb and Cd concentrations were divided by lowest level at $10^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. Below $10^{\circ}C$, Pb and Cd concentrations increased when surface water temperatures decreased. Above $10^{\circ}C$, their concentrations increased with temperature, which showed highest concentrations in the Ulleung basin, directly influenced by flux from East Korean Warm Current and neighboring countrys (Korea and Japan). Specially, in the case of Pb, the concentrations decrease remarkablely with temperatures decrease from D10 directly influenced by flux from East Korean Warm Current, which shows highest Pb level. By comparing with other sea areas (Western Mediterranean, East Pacific), Pb concentrations in the East Sea were a little higher. The influence of East Korean Warm Current and neighboring countrys (Korea and Japan) may be relatively important. Therefore, the distribution of Cd may primarily be influenced by mixing of different water masses while the distribution of Pb may mainly be influenced by flux from East Korean Warm Current and atmospheric inputs. River inputs and interaction with particulate materials may also some roles for the distribution of these elements.