• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.155-161
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• 2008

Carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ liver injury depends on a toxic agent that has to be metabolized by the liver NAPDH-cytochrome P450 enzyme system to a highly reactive intermediate. Although several isoforms of cytochrome P450 may metabolize $CC1_4$, attention has been focused largely on the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), which is ethanol-inducible. Alternations in the activity of CYP2E1 affect the susceptibility to hepatic injury from $CC1_4$. In this study, the liver protective effect of the hot water extracts of Scutellaria radix (SR) was investigated. The SR exhibited a hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage in Chang liver cells. The expression of CYP2E1, measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, was significantly decreased by SR treatment in Chang cells. Based on these findings, it is suggested that hepatoprotective effect of SR possibly related to downregulation of CYP2E1 expression.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.11.1-11.9
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• 2018

Estrogen has diverse effects on cardiovascular function, including regulation of the contractile response to vasoactive substances such as serotonin. The serotonin system recently emerged as an important player in the regulation of vascular tone in humans. However, hyperreactivity to serotonin appears to be a critical factor for the pathophysiology of hypertension. In this study, we examined the modulatory mechanisms of estrogen in serotonin-induced vasoconstriction by using a combinatory approach of isometric tension measurements, molecular biology, and patch-clamp techniques. $17{\beta}$-Estradiol (E2) elicited a significant and concentration-dependent relaxation of serotonin-induced contraction in deendothelialized aortic strips isolated from male rats. E2 triggered a relaxation of serotonin-induced contraction even in the presence of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that E2-induced changes are not mediated by estrogen receptor. Patch-clamp studies in rat arterial myocytes showed that E2 prevented Kv channel inhibition induced by serotonin. Serotonin increased Src activation in arterial smooth muscle required for contraction, which was significantly inhibited by E2. The estrogen receptor-independent inhibition of Src by E2 was confirmed in HEK293T cells that do not express estrogen receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that estrogen exerts vasodilatory effects on serotonin-precontracted arteries via Src, implying a critical role for estrogen in the prevention of vascular hyperreactivity to serotonin.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.459-469
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• 2014

Entamoeba histolytica is a tissue-invasive protozoan parasite causing dysentery in humans. During infection of colonic tissues, amoebic trophozoites are able to kill host cells via apoptosis or necrosis, both of which trigger IL-8-mediated acute inflammatory responses. However, the signaling pathways involved in host cell death induced by E. histolytica have not yet been fully defined. In this study, we examined whether calpain plays a role in the cleavage of pro-survival transcription factors during cell death of colonic epithelial cells, induced by live E. histolytica trophozoites. Incubation with amoebic trophozoites induced activation of m-calpain in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with amoebae resulted in marked degradation of STAT proteins (STAT3 and STAT5) and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) in Caco-2 cells. However, $I{\kappa}B$, an inhibitor of NF-${\kappa}B$, was not cleaved in Caco-2 cells following adherence of E. histolytica. Entamoeba-induced cleavage of STAT proteins and NF-${\kappa}B$ was partially inhibited by pretreatment of cells with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. In contrast, E. histolytica did not induce cleavage of caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with a calpain inhibitor, calpeptin (but not the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk) or m-calpain siRNA partially reduced Entamoeba-induced DNA fragmentation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that calpain plays an important role in E. histolytica-induced degradation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and STATs in colonic epithelial cells, which ultimately accelerates cell death.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.25.1-25.15
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• 2023

Mucosal environments harbour lymphocytes, which express several adhesion molecules, including intestinal homing receptors and integrin αE/β7 (CD103). CD103 binds E-cadherin, an integrin receptor expressed in intestinal endothelial cells. Its expression not only enables homing or retention of T lymphocytes at these sites but is also associated with increased T lymphocyte activation. However, it is not yet clear how CD103 expression is related to the clinical staging of breast cancer, which is determined by factors such as the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of nearby lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). We examined the prognostic significance of CD103 by FACS in 53 breast cancer patients and 46 healthy controls enrolled, and investigated its expression, which contributes to lymphocyte recruitment in tumor tissue. Patients with breast cancer showed increased frequencies of CD103⁺, CD4⁺CD103⁺, and CD8⁺CD103⁺ cells compared to controls. CD103 was expressed at a high level on the surfaces of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with breast cancer. Its expression in peripheral blood was not correlated with clinical TNM stage. To determine the localisation of CD103⁺ cells in breast tissue, tissue sections of breast tumors were stained for CD103. In tissue sections of breast tumors stained for CD103, its expression in T lymphocytes was higher compared to normal breast tissue. In addition, CD103⁺ cells expressed higher levels of receptors for inflammatory chemokines, compared to CD103^- cells. CD103⁺ cells in peripheral blood and tumor tissue might be an important source of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte trafficking, homing, and retention in cancer patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1487-1492
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• 2003

Gunjung-tang(GJT) has been reported at Shanghanlun(傷寒論), which has been used for the treatment of general weakness, digestive organ disease and the treatment of allergic disorders in clinical medicine. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. In a rat and mouse model, the role of GJT was examined in mast cell-dependent allergic reactions and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. GJT inhibited anti-dinitrophenyl IgE antibody-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction by Intraperitoneal pretreatment. GJT inhibited both IL-1β and TNF-α secretion on egg albumin induced allergic tissues and compound 48/80 induced thymus. Furthermore, GJT enhanced Band T lymphocytes proliferation. Our findings provide evidence that GJT inhibits the IgE-dependent allergic reactions and inflammatory cytokines secretion, and enhanced immune response.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2016

Objective : Chronic renal failure(CRF) is defined as a permanent reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR), resulting in Structural and functional abnormalities. The purpose of this thesis is to report the improvement of a CRF stage4 on stroke patient through integrative medicine therapy.Methods : We treated the patient with herbal medication(Sibjeondaebo-tang gagambang), acupuncture and moxibustion as well as Western medication. We measured the Creatinine, BUN, eGFR in the serum and observed clinical symptoms During 4monthsResult : After treatment, the level of BUN and Creatinine was decreased and eGFR was increased. And the symptoms of CRF(edema, anorexia, general weakness) were improved.Conclusion : This study suggests that Integrative Medicine Therapy is effective in the treatment of CRF symptoms. In the future, for the effective management of CRF, It is considered necessary to build a systematic integrative medicine therapy.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

To examine the effects of Euglena rubra (E. rubra) feeding on Nile tiapia, Oreochromis niloticus were fed diets containing dried powder of E. rubra at 0.5 or 2% for 4 weeks. Growth, selected hematological and non-specific immune parameters were assessed at 2 and 4 weeks. There were no significant changes in body weigh gain and erythrocyte levels. However a significant and diet E. rubra level-related decrease in leukocyte level was noted. Significant increases were observed in respiratory burst activity (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction) and lysozyme activities following E. rubra feeding. These results indicate that E. rubra could be beneficial to fish, but excess feeding could toxic.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2002

This research investigates the effect of the Crataegus pinnatifida BGE. var. major N.E. BR(CPVM) on Alzheimer's disease. The CPVM extract suppressed the expression of IL-1 β, IL-6, APP, AChE mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. The CPVM extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT105. The CPVM extract group showed a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105 in the Morris water maze experiment. The CPVM extract suppressed the over-expression of IL-1 β, TNF- α and ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by CT105. This study suggests that CPVM may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.82-88
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• 2016

Purpose: Sonongraphic examinations such as extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (eFAST) are widely used in Emergency Departments. This study is designed to determine student achievement by teaching medical college students through short training. Methods: 38 participants in their 3rd year of medical school were enrolled in this study. An Emergency Medicine physician trained the students to 2 hours of theoretical training followed by 2 hours of hands on training. Results: The average age of students was $28.1{\pm}3.4$, with 21 male students. The average of pre-educational test results were $60.4{\pm}8.9$ and post-educational exam results were $80.1{\pm}14.5$ (p<0.001). The average success rate of eFAST was 87.5%. But success rate of each items were lowest in checking the hepatorenal recess and the splenorenal recess, each success rate, 65.8% and 68.4%, consecutively. The questionnaires filled out after the study showed that the students were highly interested in this education and that they found the education easy to understand. They also answered that eFAST education is necessary in the medical college curriculum. Conclusion: This study shows that eFAST can be effectively taught to students through short training.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.283-289
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• 1995

레이저가 의학영역에서 사용된 후 구강내 연조직과 경조직 병소에 대한 임상적 적용에 관한 관심이 커져왔다. 레이저가 조사되는 부위에서는 대부분 연기가 발생한다. 이 경우 병원체가 존재하는 병소에 대한 레이저치료시 발생되는 연기속에 병원체가 포함되어 이Tekas 환자와 술자는 이의 흡입가능성이 크므로 균혈증 및 상기도나 호흡계의 의원성 감염이 유발될 수 있다. 저자는 레이저치료시 발생되는 연기속에 병원체가 포함되어 있는지의 여부를 규명하기위해 각각 10개의 실험군에 통기성 미생물인 Escherichia coli(E.coli)가 배양된 brain geart infusion (BHI) 배지와 E.coli 가 존재하는 치근단 병소를 실험적으로 만든 후 각각 pulsed Nd:YAG 레이저를 조사해 연기를 채취, 배양, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Pulsed Nd:YAG 레이저를 E. colir 배양된 agar substrate 와 실험적으로 만들어진 치근단부위의 E.coli 현탁액에 조사시 발생된 연기에서 처음 접종된 것과 같은 E.coli가 검출되었다. 2. 감염병소에 pulsed Nd:YAG 레이저를 조사시 발생되는 연기의 유해효과로부터 환자와 술자 및 보조자의 보호를 위해 효과적인 흡입기를 사용이 권장된다.