• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.123-147
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• 2002

As far as the recent ELT research concerned, it seems to have been no hot ‘theoretical’ issues, but ‘practical’ ones in general: e.g., learners and learning, components of proficiency, correlates of L2 learning, etc. This paper focuses on the theme given above, with a special reference to the sub-title: specifically, 1) World English, world Englishes and world's lingua franca; 2) ENL, ESL and EFL; 3) Grammars, style manuals, dictionaries and media; 4) Pronunciation models: RP, BBC model and General American, Network Standard; 5) Lexical, grammatical variations and discourse grammars; 6) Beliefs and subjective theories in foreign language research; 7) Dilemma among radical, canonical and eclectic views. In conclusion, the author offers a modest proposal: we need to appeal to our own experience, intention, feeling and purpose, that is, our identity to express “our own selves” in our contexts toward the world anywhere, if not sounding authentic enough, but producing it plausibly well. It is time for us (with our ethno-cultural autonomy) to need to be complementary to and parallel with its native speakers' linguistic-cultural authenticity in terms of the broadest mutual understanding.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.151-157
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• 2014

We have reported the reaction probability, integral reaction cross section, and rate constant for the title system calculated with the aid of a time-dependent wave packet approach. The ab initio potential energy surface (PES) of Prudente et al. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2009, 474, 18) is employed for the purpose. The calculations are carried out over the collision energy range of 0.05-1.4 eV for the two reaction channels of H + LiH ${\rightarrow}$ Li + $H_2$ and $H_b$ + $LiH_a$ ${\rightarrow}$ $LiH_b$ + $H_a$. The Coriolis coupling (CC) effect are taken into account. The importance of including the Coriolis coupling quantum scattering calculations are revealed by the comparison between the Coriolis coupling and the centrifugal sudden (CS) approximation calculations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1315-1319
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• 2008

A trisaccharide, 6d-Altro-Hepp$\alpha$ (1$\rightarrow$3) GlcNAc$\beta$ (1$\rightarrow$3) Gal$\alpha$ (1$\rightarrow$$OCH_2CH_2N_3$, as an O-antigenic repeating unit of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes O:23 and O:36, was synthesized. Coupling of the 6d-altro-Hepp$\alpha$ (1$\rightarrow$3) GlcNAc$\beta$ (1$\rightarrow$SEt donor with Gal$\alpha$ (1${\rightarrow}OCH_2CH_2Cl$ acceptor in the presence of NIS-TfOH promoter afforded the trisaccharide having the $\beta$ (1$\rightarrow$3) Gal linkage. $\beta$ -Stereospecificity and the desired regioselectivity for the 3-OH Gal are obtained. Subsequent hydrogenation, acetylation, azide displacement, hydrazinolysis, Nacetylation, and finally deacetylation furnished the title trisaccharide hapten for further glycoconjugation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.19
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• pp.83-104
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• 2006

This study investigated the actual condition of book numbers in South Korean academic libraries. Book numbers that are used in the Korean academic libraries consist of a combination of author-number or author-name, the first letter of the title, and any other shelflisting device. This study examined the current problems that perceive academic librarians on book numbers and the problem awareness of librarians who are working at 110 academic libraries in South Korea. The result shows that academic libraries are using eleven different methods of the book numbers table including nine eastern methods and two western methods. Also, librarians mentioned that the crucial concerns among participating libraries were the duplication of the book numbers and ineffective collection management. Therefore, this study suggested the expansion of the book numbers system in order not to duplicate of book numbers and the unification of western and eastern methods so that academic libraries tackle problems of ineffective collection management.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.31 no.A
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• pp.113-118
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• 2011

Federal Information Security Management Act emphasizes the importance of information security to the economic and national security interests of the United States. This paper provides a brief review on FISMA which is a United States federal law enacted in 2002 as Title III of the E-Government Act of 2002, and predicts the possible problems which might be caused from domestic introduction of FISMA. The domestic introduction of FISMA could improve the average level of information security of government agencies. Whereas, the government agencies and the government officials might face with many problems such as the increased government budget, lack of social awareness and security professionals, and the effectiveness of penalty on non-compliance.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.5
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• pp.493-500
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• 2008

Although modern day people gather many data from the network, the users want only the information needed. Using this technology, the users can extract on the data that satisfy the query. As the previous studies use the single data in the document, frequency of the data for example, it cannot be considered as the effective data clustering method. What is needed is the effective clustering technology that can process the electronic network documents such as the e-mail or XML that contain the tags of various formats. This paper describes the study of extracting the information from the user query based on the multi-attributes. It proposes a method of extracting the data such as the sender, text type, time limit syntax in the text, and title from the e-mail and using such data for filtering. It also describes the experiment to verify that the multi-attribute based clustering method is more accurate than the existing clustering methods using only the word frequency.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.585-610
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• 2012

There have been various attempt to offer commercial service of electronic payment. Actually, however, there has been few electronic payment model that are being used commercial service. Among them, it is estimated that only TSU(Trade Service Utility) of SWIFT will be succeed in providing commercial service possibility. In Korea e-L/C Distribution & Management System was constructed and become the first e-L/C service on a global basis via e-Trade Facilitation 3 Years Project and then started offering the world first e-L/C service. Some scholars have insisted the opinion that SWIFT L/C means e-L/C, but such opinion may be wrong because SWIFT L/C means the L/C advised by SWIFT(Society for Worldwid Interbank Financial Telecommunication) under the condition that a series of procedure from the issuance of L/C to the advice is done by SWIFT system. Because perfect e-L/C should be organically connected by SWIFT network and also, the e-L/C business between overseas banks and their customers should be organically linked with each other. The purpose of this paper is contribute to the commercialization of e-L/C distribution system by studying the current status of infrastructure concerned with domestic and overseas electronic payment and future e-payment infrastructure, seeking to be introduced internationally by doing things.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.15
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• pp.167-198
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• 2013

This paper explores rich and complex implications of Marcel Duchamp's Mile of String which he created for "First Papers of Surrealism," the Surrealist international exhibition in New York in 1942. Part of a larger project devoted to investigating Duchamp's role in Surrealist exhibitions and his relation to the avant-garde group, this paper focuses on Duchamp's exhibition installation in the 1942 show. Under the title of "g$\acute{e}$n$\acute{e}$rateur-arbitre" Duchamp played an important role as installation and exhibition designer in a series of major Surrealist exhibitions in the 1930's-1960's. The "First Papers of Surrealism" was held by Surrealists who exiled in New York during World War I, and Duchamp created a labyrinthine installation of string for the exhibition, which physically blocked the spectator and optically hindered his or her contemplative view. Unraveling the intricately related meanings of Mile of String as an independent work of art and an installation for a specific exhibition, I examine the work on two levels: first, how the work was situated in the context of Duchamp's oeuvre, particularly his earlier work employing string or thread; second, how and in what way the installation rendered a critique on Surrealism as a group and an avant-garde movement. More specifically, by exploring the concepts of 'pataphysics' and voluntary 'nomadism' implicated in Duchamp's work, I suggest that his Mile of String asserted a critical stance against nationalism and collective identity of Surrealism and manifested a radical individualism founded upon what he called the spirit of 'expatriation.'

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-101
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• 2014

This study investigates when and how disagreements in online customer ratings prompt more favorable product evaluations. Among the three metrics of volume, valence, and variance that feature in the research on online customer ratings, volume and valence have exhibited consistently positive patterns in their effects on product sales or evaluations (e.g., Dellarocas, Zhang, and Awad 2007; Liu 2006). Ratings variance, or the degree of disagreement among reviewers, however, has shown rather mixed results, with some studies reporting positive effects on product sales (e.g., Clement, Proppe, and Rott 2007) while others finding negative effects on product evaluations (e.g., Zhu and Zhang 2010). This study aims to resolve these contradictory findings by introducing preference heterogeneity as a possible moderator and causal attribution as a mediator to account for the moderating effect. The main proposition of this study is that when preference heterogeneity is perceived as high, a disagreement in ratings is attributed more to reviewers' different preferences than to unreliable product quality, which in turn prompts better quality evaluations of a product. Because disagreements mostly result from differences in reviewers' tastes or the low reliability of a product's quality (Mizerski 1982; Sen and Lerman 2007), a greater level of attribution to reviewer tastes can mitigate the negative effect of disagreement on product evaluations. Specifically, if consumers infer that reviewers' heterogeneous preferences result in subjectively different experiences and thereby highly diverse ratings, they would not disregard the overall quality of a product. However, if consumers infer that reviewers' preferences are quite homogeneous and thus the low reliability of the product quality contributes to such disagreements, they would discount the overall product quality. Therefore, consumers would respond more favorably to disagreements in ratings when preference heterogeneity is perceived as high rather than low. This study furthermore extends this prediction to the various levels of average ratings. The heuristicsystematic processing model so far indicates that the engagement in effortful systematic processing occurs only when sufficient motivation is present (Hann et al. 2007; Maheswaran and Chaiken 1991; Martin and Davies 1998). One of the key factors affecting this motivation is the aspiration level of the decision maker. Only under conditions that meet or exceed his aspiration level does he tend to engage in systematic processing (Patzelt and Shepherd 2008; Stephanous and Sage 1987). Therefore, systematic causal attribution processing regarding ratings variance is likely more activated when the average rating is high enough to meet the aspiration level than when it is too low to meet it. Considering that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity occurs through the mediation of causal attribution, this greater activation of causal attribution in high versus low average ratings would lead to more pronounced interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity in high versus low average ratings. Overall, this study proposes that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity is more pronounced when the average rating is high as compared to when it is low. Two laboratory studies lend support to these predictions. Study 1 reveals that participants exposed to a high-preference heterogeneity book title (i.e., a novel) attributed disagreement in ratings more to reviewers' tastes, and thereby more favorably evaluated books with such ratings, compared to those exposed to a low-preference heterogeneity title (i.e., an English listening practice book). Study 2 then extended these findings to the various levels of average ratings and found that this greater preference for disagreement options under high preference heterogeneity is more pronounced when the average rating is high compared to when it is low. This study makes an important theoretical contribution to the online customer ratings literature by showing that preference heterogeneity serves as a key moderator of the effect of ratings variance on product evaluations and that causal attribution acts as a mediator of this moderation effect. A more comprehensive picture of the interplay among ratings variance, preference heterogeneity, and average ratings is also provided by revealing that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity varies as a function of the average rating. In addition, this work provides some significant managerial implications for marketers in terms of how they manage word of mouth. Because a lack of consensus creates some uncertainty and anxiety over the given information, consumers experience a psychological burden regarding their choice of a product when ratings show disagreement. The results of this study offer a way to address this problem. By explicitly clarifying that there are many more differences in tastes among reviewers than expected, marketers can allow consumers to speculate that differing tastes of reviewers rather than an uncertain or poor product quality contribute to such conflicts in ratings. Thus, when fierce disagreements are observed in the WOM arena, marketers are advised to communicate to consumers that diverse, rather than uniform, tastes govern reviews and evaluations of products.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2004

The sharp-line absorption spectrum of microcrystalline samples of cis-[Cr(cycb)$Cl_2$]Cl (cycb=rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been measured between 13000 and $16000 cm^{-1}$ at temperatures down to 5K. The 77K emission and excitation spectra, and 298 K infrared and visible absorption spectra have also been measured. The nine electronic bands due to spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions were assigned. Using the observed transitions, a ligand field analysis has been performed to probe the ligand field properties of coordinated atoms in the title chromium(III) complex. The zero-phonon line in the sharp-line absorption spectrum splits into two components by $240 cm^{-1}$ , and the $large ^2$$_E{g}$ splitting can be reproduced by the modem ligand field theory. It is confirmed that nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic cycb ligand have a strong $\sigma$-donor character, but chloride ligand has weak $\sigma$- nd $\pi$-donor properties toward chromium(III) ion.n.